Table 3 Mean (+/− sd) outcomes for all participants (n = 15) over the three consecutive practice blocks and outcomes of statistical analyses (levels of significance: P-Anova: <0.05; Bonferonni tests: <0.017)

Mechanical Efficiency

5.5

1.1

5.9

1.1

6.0

1.3

0.047

0.039

0.014

0.266

Propulsion Technique

Push time (s)

0.31

0.06

0.34

0.06

0.34

0.06

0.003

0.006

0.007

0.202

Cycle time (s)

0.97

0.24

1.15

0.26

1.15

0.24

0.004

0.004

0.012

0.471

Frequency (push/min)

66.6

17.5

55.5

12.8

55.0

11.9

0.004

0.007

0.010

0.371

Work/push (J)

8.7

2.1

10.3

3.0

10.3

3.0

0.009

0.009

0.019

0.599

PnegS (W)

−6.1

3.3

−4.8

2.3

−4.3

2.1

0.003

0.011

0.007

0.027

PnegE (W)

−3.7

2.8

−2.6

1.9

1.9

1.9

0.012

0.048

0.011

0.014

Contact angle (°)

63.5

12.1

69.6

10.9

70.4

10.8

0.002

0.005

0.005

0.216

Ftotmean (N)

41.5

10.3

41.8

14.2

40.4

13.1

0.672

0.877

0.562

0.167

Ftotpeak (N)

68.0

17.2

69.6

24.1

66.5

22.2

0.553

0.632

0.650

0.082

FeFmean (%)

69.4

10.4

74.8

11.6

75.3

9.9

0.000

0.002

0.001

0.342

GH start position (mm)

−41

33

−53

35

−47

47

0.247

0.081

0.454

0.388

GH displacement (mm)

27

13

37

31

39

21

0.245

0.297

0.116

0.770

Net Moments

GH mean Net Moment per Push (Nm)

12.4

3.4

16.1

5.9

15.3

3.4

0.010

0.010

0.000

0.700

GH mean Net Moment per Push (Nm)

26.3

8.1

31.0

12.7

28.5

7.0

0.270

0.080

0.120

0.770

HU mean Net Moment per Push (Nm)

1.6

2.6

0.9

2.1

0.8

2.7

0.423

0.284

0.309

0.779

HU peak Net Moment per Push (Nm)

7.9

4.2

6.6

3.2

7.0

3.5

0.452

0.268

0.443

0.636

Model Results

Muscle Power total mean per push (W)

25.1

11.0

35.0

14.7

37.5

15.4

0.012

0.008

0.018

0.561

Muscle Power total peak per push (W)

110.7

49.0

120.5

52.8

134.5

108.6

0.566

0.543

0.222

0.645

Muscle Work total mean per push (J)

11.3

4.0

15.1

6.7

16.1

7.8

0.040

0.014

0.005

0.333

GH Reaction force mean per push (N)

315

107

419

171

439

165

0.006

0.001

0.003

0.337

GH Reaction force peak per push (N)

690

320

790

390

901

560

0.265

0.119

0.031

0.268

GH Reaction force peak per cycle (N)

239

41

266

58

277

68

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.187