Effects of variable practice on the motor learning outcomes in manual wheelchair propulsion

Table 4 The results of the present and other studies concerning the change in mechanical efficiency resulting from wheelchair practice in able-bodied individuals

Study	Group	N	Treadmill/Ergometer	Total duration (min)	Velocity m/s	Power output	Mechanical Efficiency (%)^a;	P value; Current vs previous studies^b
Present study	Variable practice	11	Testing on treadmill, practice in a gym	±269	1.11	0.23 W/kg	4.5 → 5.7 (27)	-
Present study	Control	12	Testing on treadmill, no practice	24	1.11	0.22 W/kg	4.5 → 4.4 (−2)	-
Vegter et al., 2014 [5]	Fast improvers	26	Treadmill	80	1.11	0.20 W/kg	4.9 → 5.9 (20)	x
Vegter et al., 2014 [5]	Slow improvers	13	Treadmill	80	1.11		5.5 → 5.5 (0)	x
De Groot et al., 2008 [6]	x	14	Testing on ergometer, Practice on treadmill	1470	1.39	20% POpeak	4.32 → 5.65 (31)	0.413
De Groot et al., 2008 [6]	x					40% POpeak	6.41 → 8.33 (30)	0.662
De Groot et al., 2002 [7]	x	10	Ergometer	72	1.11	0.15 W/kg	5.54 → 5.87 (6)	x
De Groot et al., 2002 [7]	x					0.25 W/kg	7.45 → 8.11 (9)	x
Leving et al., 2015 [8]	Feedback	17	Treadmill	80	1.11	0.24 W/kg	5.25 → 5.23 (−0.4)	<0.001
Leving et al., 2015 [8]	Natural learning	15	Treadmill	80	1.11	0.25 W/kg	5.71 → 6.67 (17)	0.167
de Groot et al., 2013 [24]	Training at 30%HRR	9	Testing on ergometer, Practice on treadmill	630	1.39	20% POpeak	5.36 → 6.27 (17)	0.197
						40% POpeak	7.25 → 9.0 (24)	0.684
	Training at 70%HRR	13	Testing on ergometer, Practice on treadmill	630	1.39	20% POpeak	6.25 → 7.36 (18)	0.371
						40% POpeak	8.33 → 9.85 (18)	0.220

Abbreviations: AB able-bodied, HRR heart rate reserve, POpeak, estimated peak power output
^aValue at the pre-test → value at the post-test (relative change over time)
^bRelative change in mechanical efficiency (%) was compared pairwise between the present and historical studies using independent samples t-test. ‘x’ indicates that data from a given study were not available

ISSN: 1743-0003