Fig. 1

A schematic of the experimental design. a The 11 trunk movements and stability tasks. EMG data (12 trunk muscles) were recorded during these tasks. Each task was repeated 8 times. b Non-negative matrix factorization was applied to the concatenated EMG of all 11 tasks to decompose it into the muscle weighting components (e.g., 12 muscles and two modules) according to the temporal pattern components. EMG, electromyography