Table 1 Summary of included studies for non-invasive, non-pharmacological, electromagnetic-based PD tremor reduction techniques (Pre-Post: Pre-Post intervention; HY: Hoehn & Yahr scale; RCT: Randomized control trial; CC: Case-Control; CT: Clinical trials; CD: Cannot be determined, NR: Not reported)
Category | Study (First author, Year) | Study type | Sample size | Corrected Cohen’s d (95%CI) | Tremor Suppression (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Light therapy | Hong, 2021 | Pre-post | 18 | UPDRS III: -0.65 (-1.32, 0.02) | 28.3 (according to UPDRS III, tremor subscore) |
Hamilton, 2019 | Case report | 6 | CD | 50 (number of patients reported improvement) | |
Hamilton, 2018 | Case report | 3 | CD | 50 (number of patients reported improvement) | |
Willis, 2018 | CT, Pre-Post | 30 | UPDRS III: -0.27 (-1.411, 0.863) (Red light); -1.148(-2.368, 0.074) (Polychromatic light) | NR | |
Willis, 2007 | CT | 12 | CD | NR | |
Paus, 2007 | RCT | 36 | UPDRS III: -0.28(-0.937, 0.337) | NR | |
Magnetic stimulation | Spagnolo, 2021 | RCT | 59 | UPDRS III: -1.00 (-1.48, -0.54) | 22.9 (tremor score); 27.1 (UPDRS III) |
Shi, 2020 | Pre-Post | 30 | CD | NR | |
Khedr, 2019 | Pre-Post | 52 | UPDRS III: -0.361(-0.91,0.187) for 1 Hz stimulation; -0.701 (-1.261, -0.141) for 20 Hz stimulation | NR | |
Malling, 2019 | RCT | 36 | Tremor intensity index: -2.61 (-0.83, 0.31) | 22 (tremor intensity) | |
Lu, 2015 | CC | 10 | CD | 46.7 | |
Filipović, 2010 | Pre-Post | 10 | UPDRS III (tremor subscore): -0.03 (-0.91,0.85), UPDRS III: -0.179(-1.06, 0.7), | NR | |
Anninos, 2007 | Pre-Post | 30 | HY: -1.135 (-1.698, -0.606) | 60 | |
Britton, 1993 | CC | 10 | CD | NR | |
Electrical stimulation | Zhang 2023 | RCT | 13 | CD | NR |
Phokaewvarangkul, 2021 | Pre-Post | 20 | UPDRS III(tremor subscore): -0.558(-1.19,-0.074) | NR | |
Arruda, 2021 | Pre-Post | 10 | CD | 36 | |
Hao, 2018 | Pre-Post | 14 | CD | 71 | |
Dideriksen, 2017 | Pre-Post | 5 | CD | 60 | |
Hao, 2017 | Pre-Post | 8 | CD | 47.97 | |
Jitkritsadakul, 2017 | Pre-Post | 15 | UPDRS III (tremor): -0.509 (-1.537, 0.52) | NR | |
Xu, 2016 | Pre-Post | 2 | Amplitude of joint angles: -0.385 (-3.152, 2.436) | NR | |
Jitkritsadakul, 2015 | Pre-Post | 34 | UPDRS III tremor subscore: -0.88 (-1.584, -0.176); Tremor Peak amplitude: -0.558 (-1.243, 0.128); Tremor frequency: -0.206 (-0.88,0.468) | 49.57 | |
Dosen, 2015 | Pre-Post | 4 | CD | 71 for motor stimulation; 56.75 for sensory stimulation | |
Gallego, 2013 | Pre-Post | 2 | CD | 42.56 for tremor amplitude | |
Hao, 2013 | Pre-Post | 10 | EMG amplitude: -2.56 (-4.215, -0.879) | 63.6 | |
Maneski, 2011 | Pre-Post | 4 | CD | 64.75 | |
Saavedra-Escalona, 2005 | Pre-Post | 23 | UPDRS III: -0.199 (-0.806, 0.407) | 78.26 | |
Spiegel, 2002 | Pre-Post | 8 | Tremor frequency: Stimulation of opponens pollicis muscle: 0.273 (-1.12,1.66); forearm muscles: 0.386 (-1.13,1.78) Upper arm muscles: 0.356 (-1.04,1.75) | NR | |
Gillard, 1999 | Pre-Post | 3 | CD | 84.5 | |
Javidan, 1992 | Pre-Post | 4 | Tremor frequency: 0.043 (-1.92,2.0) | 61.5 | |
Bathien, 1980 | Pre-Post | 10 | CD | NR | |
Mones, 1969 | Pre-Post | 5 | CD | NR |