Table 2 Characteristics of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials
Study | Population | Type of intervention | Comparison | Duration of experiment | No. of included studies | No. of participants | Outcomes | AMSTAR-2 | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al., 2021 [30] | Stage 1 to 4f PD | VR-enhanced rehabilitation interventions | Usual care or exercise therapy | 3 to 12 weeks | 23 | 836 | BBS + , PDQ-39 + , ADL scale +  | Low | no |
Elisabetta et al., 2022 [27] | PD, balance/mobility impairment but PD, preserved ability to walk independently | VR-BT training | BT | 4 to 12 weeks | 22 | 901 | BBS +  TUG + , Walking speed- | Moderate | Tow reported adverse events |
Joseph et al., 2020 [11] | PD | VR immersion with headset to view task, nonimmersive views of task on computer or TV monitor | active (alternative therapy treatment), passive (without alternative therapy) | 4 to 12 weeks | 10 | 343 | Walking speed- Stride length + , BBS + , UPDRS- PDQ-39 +  | Moderate | no |
Zhang et al., 2022 [29] | PD, mean age above 60 years | 13 trials of commercial exergaming systems, 5 trials of exergaming systems for older adults with PD, 1 trial not mentioned | 17 trials with physical training, 2 trials without exercise training | 4 to 12 weeks | 19 | 781 | TUG + , 6MWT + , BBS + , FGA- Walking speed-, Stride length- | Moderate | no |
Chen et al., 2020 [24] | Idiopathic PD at different disease stages | VR-based training of different setups and exercise items | Conventional balance training, No treatment Active control (strength training program) Both stationary cycling and no treatment | 5 ~ 12 weeks | 14 | 574 | BBS +  ABC- TUG- DGI +  FGA +  | Very low | One study reported effects associated with the VR training |
Wang et al., 2019 [31] | PD | Basic virtual reality and augmented virtual reality | CBT Conventional gait training Muscle strength training | 4 ~ 12 weeks | 12 | 419 | BBS +  TUG +  Stride length +  Gait velocity- Walk distance- | Very low | no |
Chen et al., 2020 [32] | PD | VR training VR balance training VR-based training of different platform | Physiotherapy No training Balance training CBT Traditional exercise therapy | 4 ~ 12 weeks | 12 | 360 | BBS +  TUG +  10MWT +  MBI +  | Very low | no |
Wang 2021 [28] | PD | Non-immersive VR interventions | Conventional training Traditional exercise | 5 ~ 12 weeks | 12 | 525 | OLS +  LOS +  SOT +  BBS +  TUG- FES +  ABC +  PDQ-39 +  | Low | no |