Restoring natural upper limb movement through a wrist prosthetic module for partial hand amputees

Table 4 Motion analysis during the reach-to-grasp task

Kinematic variable	Control	With P/S	Without P/S	Control vs with P/S	Control vs without P/S	With P/S vs without P/S	Control vs. with P/S vs. without P/S
Kinematic variable	Mean (SD)			P-value
Object trajectory (mm)	489.74 (4.46)	527.70 (8.39)	552.39 (11.05)	0.057	0.061	0.450	0.091
Trunk angle (deg.)
Flexion/extension	0.15 (0.14)	− 0.9 (0.36)	3.27 (1.35)	0.068	0.032	0.020	0.041*
Rotation	− 2.71 (1.88)	− 3.55(1.94)	− 3.78 (1.85)	0.178	0.067	0.097	0.078
Shoulder angle (deg.)
Flexion/extension	21.19 (15.16)	24.43 (11.47)	29.58 (14.34)	0.054	0.052	0.062	0.0613
Abduction/adduction	10.72 (7.68)	10.21 (6.44)	34.26 (15.27)	0.540	0.001*	0.001*	0.001*
In./external rotation	7.74 (4.68)	9.55 (4.22)	32.20 (14.08)	0.068	0.048*	0.001*	0.000*
Elbow angle (deg.)
Flexion/extension	− 13.75 (8.52)	− 20.80 (7.00)	− 21.69 (8.67)	0.059	0.061	0.087	0.058
Wrist angle (deg.)
Flexion/extension	28.95 (14.43)	38.13 (13.50)	20.50 (7.49)	0.042*	0.056	0.046*	0.037*
Supination/pronation	72.40 (37.43)	76.53 (24.91)	34.09 (12.25)	0.169	0.001*	0.004*	0.002*

ISSN: 1743-0003