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Table 2 Overview of ANCOVA of bimanual parameters between children with uCP and TDC

From: In-depth quantification of bimanual coordination using the Kinarm exoskeleton robot in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

Parameters

Mean (95% CI)

Grouping

Age

TDC

uCP

P* (η2p)

P* (η2p)

Ball-on-bar task: Level 1

    

Mean bar tilt (Rad,↓)

0.02 (0.02–0.04)

0.06 (0.04–0.08)

0.01 (0.09)

0.95 (0.00)

Bar tilt standard deviation (Rad,↓)

0.07 (0.07–0.09)

0.12 (0.10–0.15)

 < 0.001 (0.18)

0.17 (0.02)

Bar length variability (%,↓)

3.40 (3.04–3.77)

3.84 (3.47–4.24)

0.14 (0.03)

0.17 (0.02)

Hand speed difference (%,↓)

43.32 (40.93–45.86)

47.82 (45.19–50.61)

0.03 (0.06)

0.11 (0.03)

Hand speed peak bias (#/#,↓)

0.03 (0.02–0.04)

0.04 (0.03–0.06)

0.20 (0.02)

0.86 (0.00)

Hand path length bias (\(\frac{\mathrm{cm}}{\mathrm{cm}}\),↓)

− 0.02 (− 0.03–(− 0.01))

0.03 (0.01–0.05)

 < 0.001 (0.23)

0.56 (0.00)

Reaction time difference (s, ↓)

0.04 (0.04–0.05)

0.07 (0.06–0.08)

 < 0.001 (0.36)

 < 0.001 (0.34)

Ball-on-bar task: Level 2

    

Mean bar tilt (Rad,↓)

0.02 (0.01–0.02)

0.03 (0.03–0.04)

0.01 (0.09)

0.58 (0.00)

Bar tilt standard deviation (Rad,↓)

0.05 (0.05–0.06)

0.07 (0.07–0.08)

 < 0.001 (0.20)

0.57 (0.01)

Bar length variability (%,↓)

3.09 (2.73–3.51)

3.39 (2.99–3.83)

0.38 (0.01)

0.09 (0.04)

Hand speed difference (%,↓)

40.37 (38.63–42.20)

48.03 (44.98–51.29)

 < 0.001 (0.19)

0.04 (0.05)

Hand speed peak bias (#/#,↓)

0.03 (0.01–0.04)

0.03 (0.01–0.04)

1.00 (0.00)

1.00 (0.00)

Hand path length bias (\(\frac{\mathrm{cm}}{\mathrm{cm}}\), ↓)

− 0.03 (− 0.04–(− 0.02))

0.02 (0.00–0.04)

 < 0.001 (0.21)

0.73 (0.00)

Object-hit task

    

Hand transition (m, ↓)

− 0.01 (− 0.02–0.00)

− 0.03 (− 0.04–(− 0.02))

 < 0.001 (0.10)

0.90 (0.00)

Hand selection overlap (-, ↑)

0.11 (0.09–0.12)

0.13 (0.11–0.14)

0.05 (0.05)

0.09 (0.04)

Hand bias hits (#/#, ↓)

0.06 (0.04–0.08)

0.19 (0.15–0.23)

 < 0.001 (0.27)

0.49 (0.01)

Movement area bias (\(\frac{{{\text{cm}}^{2} }}{{{\text{cm}}^{2} }}\),↓)

0.00 (-0.05–0.05)

0.19 (0.14–0.23)

 < 0.001 (0.22)

0.14 (0.03)

Hand speed bias (\(\frac{\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{cm}/\mathrm{s}}\), ↓)

0.02 (0.00–0.05)

0.19 (0.13–0.24)

 < 0.001 (0.34)

0.31 (0.01)

Circuit task

    

Bimanual coordination factor

(arb. unit,↑)

0.31 (0.30–0.32)

0.26 (0.25–0.27)

 < 0.001 (0.31)

 < 0.001 (0.39)

  1. ANCOVA  analysis of covariance, TDC  typically developing children, uCP  unilateral cerebral palsy, CI  confidence interval, P-value* = adjusted P-value with false discovery rate of 0.05 for multiple comparison, η2p = partial eta square, ↑ = higher value is better bimanual coordination, ↓ = lower value is better bimanual coordination, bold = significant p-value ≤ 0.05
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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