Table 1 Literature summary of the open-loop intervention
Author (year) | After onset | Sample size | Type of intervention | Task | Number of sessions | CRT | Outcome measure of brain function | Outcome of motor function | Relationship between rs-FC and motor function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang X et al. (2020) [38] | 121.19 ± 37.33 days | 16 | Motor imagery training | Imagine basic movements, such as opening and closing of the hand, arm elevation, flexion and extension of the elbow | ・ All patients received 3 h of CRT per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks ・After each day’s CRT, patients received Motor imagery training (30 min) | ◯ | fMRI | FMA, MBI | ・ Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the slow-5 band in the ipsi-IPL was positively correlated with the FMA score ・ The ipsi-IPL with the bilateral PHG was increased after motor imagery intervention correlated with the improvement of FMA score ・ The ipsi-IPL with the bilateral MCG, the cont-MeFG was decreased after motor imagery intervention correlated with the improvement of FMA score |
Wang H et al. (2019) [39] | 121.19 ± 37.33 days | 16 | Motor imagery training | Imagine basic movements, such as opening and closing of the hand, arm elevation, flexion and extension of the elbow | ・ All patients received 3 h of CRT per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks ・After each day’s CRT, patients received Motor imagery training (30 min) | ◯ | fMRI | FMA | ・ The increment of clustering coefficient was significantly positively correlated with improvement of upper limb FMA score |
Zhang Y et al. (2016) [40] | 59.19 ± 15.52 days | 17 | Motor imagery training | Imagine the actual motions such as grabbing, pushing, fist clenching, writing and finger tapping | ・ 30 min, 30 days + CRT | ◯ | fMRI | FMA | ・ Positive correlation between bilateral PMC and the FMA score |
Bajaj S et al. (2015) [41] | 10.15 ± 13.40 months | 13 | Motor imagery training | Imagine the actual motions such as 1) brushing or combing hair, 2) picking up and bringing different types of fruit to their mouth, 3) extending their arm to pick up a cup from a cabinet and place it on the counter and gently release it, and 4) cleaning the kitchen counter using a cloth | ・ 4 h per day (8-30 min session) | ◯ | fMRI (Spectral Granger causality measures) | FMA | ・ Positive correlation between Granger causality differences (from SMA to lateral PMC) and FMA score in the motor imagery intervention group |
Kaneko et al. (2019) [28] | 44 ± 29.01 months | 11 | V-Kinesthetic illusion | Video observation of hand opening and closing | ・ 20 min V-Kinesthetic illusion + 60 min CRT, 10 days | ◯ | fMRI | FMA, MAS, ARAT, MAL | ・ Changes in the relationship (negative to positive) between motor function and the interhemispheric rs-FC of the bilateral IPS, and disappearance of the significant negative correlation between the motor functions and the interhemispheric rs-FC of the IPL in the unaffected side and PMC occurred in parallel with the behavioral changes |