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Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for lumbar arthroplasty

From: Changes in flexion-relaxation phenomenon and lumbo-pelvic kinematics following lumbar disc replacement surgery

Inclusion

Exclusion

Adults between 18 and 60 years old (bone maturity).

DDD > 1 symptomatic vertebral level

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) between L1 and S1.

Vertebral end-plates smaller than 34.5 mm in the media-lateral plan and/or 27 mm in the antero-posterior plan.

DDD certified by:

Allergy to :

  ▪ Low back pain and/or leg pain (radiculopathy) and

  ▪ Titanium

  ▪ Polyethylene

  ▪ CT scan, MRI, discography, radiology, myelography and/or flexion/extension radiographs with at least one of the following:

  ▪ Cobalt

  ▪ Chrome

  ▪ Molybdenum

    - Instability ( ≥ 3 mm translation or ≥ 5° degrees);

Past vertebral surgery (thoracic or lumbar)

  ▪ Fusion

    - Loss of disc high > 2 mm

  ▪ Bilateral spinal or unilateral vertebral decompression where > 50 % of the facet was removed

    - Thickness/scar of the annulus pulposus

    - Herniated nucleus pulposus; or

  ▪ Facet fracture

    - Vacuum phenomenon

 

Oswestry disability index ≥ 40 (20/50)

Trauma (past or present) to the vertebral end-plates.

VAS ≥ 40/100

Pregnancy

Failure to improve with a trial of nonsurgical management (physical therapy, medications and epidural injection).

 
  1. CT computed tomography, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, mm millimeter.