Table 1 Comparisons of the participants’ characteristics separated into four groups based on fear of falling and history of falls (n = 1023)
Total (n = 1023) | Fear of falling | P-value* | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 813) | Yes (n = 210) | |||||||||||
≥ 1 fall | ≥ 1 fall | |||||||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | Overall | G1 versus G2 | G1 versus G3 | G1 versus G4 | G2 versus G3 | G2 versus G4 | G3 vs G4 | ||
(n = 619) | (n = 194) | (n = 101) | (n = 109) | |||||||||
G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | |||||||||
Age (years), mean ± SD | 70.5 ± 5 | 70.3 ± 4.8 | 70.5 ± 5.0 | 70.8 ± 5.5 | 71 ± 5.2 | 0.634 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Female gender, n (%) | 519 (50.7) | 251 (40.5) | 111 (57.2) | 72 (71.3) | 85 (78) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.104 | 0.002 | 1.000 |
Number of drugs taken per day, mean ± SD | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 1.000 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.024 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 26.3 ± 4 | 26.1 ± 3.8 | 26.4 ± 3.9 | 26.4 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 5.1 | 0.111 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.095 | 1.000 | 0.734 | 1.000 |
Lower limb proprioception† (/8), mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.9 | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 0.236 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.431 | 1.000 | 0.464 | 1.000 |
Visual acuity‡ (/10), mean ± SD | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 7.0 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 6.8 ± 2.1 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 0.178 | 0.855 | 1.000 | 0.371 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Walking speed (cm/s), mean ± SD | 107.7 ± 22.6 | 110.8 ± 21.5 | 107.0 ± 21.8 | 103.0 ± 25.2 | 96.17 ± 23.1 | <0.001 | 0.226 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.870 | <0.001 | 0.154 |
Use of psychoactive drugs¶, n (%) | 185 (18.1) | 84 (13.6) | 30 (15.5) | 34 (33.7) | 37 (33.9 | 0.140 | 0.583 | 0.772 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.565 | 0.603 |
Cognitive impairment||, n (%) | 213 (20.8) | 122 (18.7) | 39 (20.1) | 23 (22.8) | 29 (26.6) | 0.397 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.615 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Stride-to-stride variability of stride time (%), mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 2.6 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 2.5 | 3.0 ± 4.5 | 3.0 ± 2.8 | 0.002 | 1.000 | 0.225 | 0.003 | 0.873 | 0.053 | 1.000 |