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Table 4 Applied external forces

From: Musculoskeletal modelling of muscle activation and applied external forces for the correction of scoliosis

Classification 1

All muscles

Superficial muscles

No muscles

Left

58.22

(23.5)

77.26

(16.18)

97.67

(6.07)

Right

78.9

(13.11)

80.06

(23.79)

99.98

(0.05)

Lumbar

87.59

(12.23)

86.5

(11.83)

99.27

(1.17)

Classification 2

All muscles

Superficial muscles

No muscles

Left

66.5

(18.16)

81.44

(21.18)

99.63

(1.48)

Right

74.43

(15.86)

85.98

(13.22)

98.19

(5.57)

Lumbar

85.03

(12.9)

94.87

(6.15)

99.96

(0.09)

Classification 3

All muscles

Superficial muscles

No muscles

Left

61.2

(25.85)

71.32

(23.31)

87.32

(15.21)

Right

71.21

(17.1)

81.7

(13.61)

92.61

(3.95)

Lumbar

50.1

(29.4)

76.03

(23.86)

99.11

(2.01)

Classification 4

All muscles

Superficial muscles

No muscles

Left

49.52

(25.84)

65.65

(23.99)

81.64

(23.23)

Right

65.06

(17.19)

81.4

(11.96)

97

(3.94)

Lumbar

47.2

(36.63)

83.03

(21.65)

87.44

(23.2)

Classification 5

All muscles

Superficial muscles

No muscles

Left

68.9

(21.64)

68.8

(21.58)

91.05

(18.2)

Right

67.41

(16.44)

81.25

(11.74)

95.07

(6)

Lumbar

58.8

(37.53)

75.13

(24.12)

94.75

(7.73)

  1. Average left, right and lumbar forces and their standard deviations applied over all Cobb angles across the five Classifications. Values are presented in N.