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Table 1 Validity of the phone compared to 3DMA using 3 repetitions of each cervical movement (n = 21)

From: Validity and intra-rater reliability of an Android phone application to measure cervical range-of-motion

 

Phone (Mean ± SD)

3DMA (Mean ± SD)

ICC (3,3)

Spearman’s ρ*

95% CI

Average systematic bias (CI)

Width of 95% LoA

% Error

Prop Bias

Fixed Bias

Flexion

52.0 ± 8.7

49.9 ± 8.8

0.98

0.99

0.30 to 0.996

None

2.3

2

N

N

Extension

79.3 ± 8.0

80.4 ± 9.9

0.92

0.83

0.80 to 0.97

None

9.6

6

N

N

Right Lateral Flexion¥

45.0 ± 7.3

43.0 ± 7.0

0.96

0.93

0.71 to 0.99

None

4.6

5

N

N

Left Lateral Flexion

48.8 ± 8.8

47.8 ± 8.0

0.95

0.92

0.89 to 0.98

None

7.1

7

N

N

Right Rotation

57.1 ± 9.7

70.9 ± 7.2

0.53

0.81

-0.13 to 0.85

-33.7 + 0.31

9.6

8

Y

Y

Left Rotation

65.3 ± 15.1

71.4 ± 5.8

0.53

0.52

-0.60 to 0.80

-71.2 + 0.95

18.6

14

Y

Y

  1. SD = standard deviation; 3DMA = three dimensional motion analysis; ICC = intra-class coefficients; CI = confidence interval; LoA = limits of agreement; Prop Bias = proportional bias; N = no; Y = yes.
  2. *All correlations were p < 0.001 except Left Rotation (p = 0.02).
  3. ¥Based on n = 20 as markers on one subject were missing.
  4. % Error = 0.5*Width of 95% LOA/[(MeanPhone + MeanVicon)/2].
  5. Proportional and fixed bias were determined from ordinary least products analysis.