Table 5 Kinematic characteristics of reach-to-grasping movements after tetraplegia

Movement time (MT)

T

Increased

X

X

[3, 14, 35, 37]

Velocity Peak (PV)

T

Decreased

X

X

[3, 14, 29, 35]

Variability increased

X

[35]

Negative correlation with ASIA score

X

X

[37]

Time to PV (TPV)

T

Delayed time to PV

X

X

[3, 14, 37]

Number of PV

T

Two peaks (reaching and return)

X

X

[29, 35]

Additional PV (grasping)

X

X

[29, 35, 37]

Velocity

T

Stable¹ before grasping

X

[15]

Velocity profile²

T

Asymmetric with a prolonged decelerative phase

X

[3, 35]

Trajectory³

S

Straight and smooth

X

[35]

Trajectory⁴

S

Reduced and less straight

X

[35]

Trajectory⁵

S

Increased curvature index

X

X

[37]

Trajectory⁶

S

Negative correlation with FIM

X

X

[37]

Hand height

S

Increased at the end of the reaching phase

X

X

[3, 29, 35]

Joint motion

S

Similar pattern of joint rotation

X

X

[14, 37]

Increased of scapula movement

X

[15, 35]

Increased wrist flexion/extension range of motion

X

X

[3, 14, 29]

Wrist flexion during reaching

X

X

[3, 14, 15, 29]

Wrist extension for grasping and manipulating

X

X

[3, 14, 15, 29]

Increased of wrist extension for LG vs WHG

X

[3]

Joint coordination⁷

S

Temporal linear relationship

X

X

[14, 29, 35]

Joint coordination⁸

S

Temporal decoupling

X

X

[29]

EMG activity

N

Increased

X

[15]

Activation of agonist without antagonist muscle

X

[15]