Table 6 Kinematic characteristics of overhead upper limb movements

Movement time (MT)

T

Increased

X

[17]

Velocity

T

Decreased at shoulder joint

X

[17]

Velocity

T

No differences at elbow joint

X

X

X

[17, 40]

Velocity

T

Decreased for wrist flexion

X

X

X

[40]

Trajectory ¹

S

Variability increased

X

X

X

[39]

Joint motion

S

Similar pattern of joint rotation

X

X

X

[39]

Pattern of joint rotation variability increased

X

X

X

[38, 39]

Decreased shoulder flexion and increased abduction

X

X

X

X

[17, 40, 41]

Increased upward and forward shoulder motion

X

X

[40]

Winging² and adducted scapula during rest

X

X

[41]

Decreased scapula lateral rotation during shoulder flexion

X

X

[41]

Increased elbow flexion

X

[17]

Joint coordination ^{3, 4}

S

Temporal linear relationship

X

X

[17, 41]

EMG activity

N

Decreased strength for shoulder rotator and elbow flexors

X

[28, 38]

Increased contraction intensity for same task

X

[38]

Effect of elbow extension restoration

T

Reduced movement duration

X

[17]

T

Increased shoulder joint velocity

X

[17]

S

Increased shoulder flexion and decreased abduction

X

[17]

S

Decreased elbow flexion

X

[17]