The effects of powered ankle-foot orthoses on joint kinematics and muscle activation during walking in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury

Table 2 Kinematics for without, passive, and therapist-controlled orthoses by speed. Mean ± standard error and statistical results for kinematics of subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury who walked without-orthoses (WO), wearing orthoses unpowered or passive (PA) and wearing orthoses powered under pushbutton control by a therapist (TC) for 0.36 m/s (five subjects), 0.54 m/s (five subjects), 0.72 m/s (four subjects) and 0.89 m/s (four subjects).

	ANOVA p-value	THSD	0.36 m/s			0.54 m/s			0.72 m/s			0.89 m/s
			WO	PA	TC	WO	PA	TC	WO	PA	TC	WO	PA	TC
Ankle ROM (deg)			17.3 ± 4.0	16.5 ± 2.5	31.2 ± 3.5	19.8 ± 5.1	18.9 ± 2.5	29.9 ± 1.8	25.6 ± 6.9	21.7 ± 3.6	27.7 ± 3.5	25.7 ± 7.3	23.7 ± 3.9	25.9 ± 2.7
Max Ankle (deg)	<0.0001 * P = 1.00	TC > PA TC > WO PA < WO	2.8 ± 4.2	-1.0 ± 3.9	13.5 ± 3.9	4.0 ± 4.2	0.72 ± 3.9	12.0 ± 3.7	10.7 ± 4.4	4.4 ± 3.4	11.8 ± 2.6	12.0 ± 5.6	6.8 ± 3.5	10.3 ± 1.7
Knee ROM (deg)	0.4136 P = 0.20		44.4 ± 8.8	43.3 ± 8.7	47.3 ± 8.7	44.3 ± 9.7	47.9 ± 7.1	49.4 ± 6.6	52.6 ± 9.1	53.0 ± 5.9	53.6 ± 5.0	53.5 ± 8.7	54.1 ± 5.1	52.9 ± 4.1
Hip ROM (deg)	<0.0001 * P = 1.00	TC < PA TC < WO	25.6 ± 3.4	24.6 ± 3.5	23.2 ± 2.8	28.4 ± 3.1	28.2 ± 2.7	23.9 ± 2.9	31.5 ± 4.0	28.7 ± 3.5	24.3 ± 3.3	33.6 ± 3.3	32.0 ± 3.6	26.4 ± 3.5
Total Time (s)	0.2360 P = 0.30		1.98 ± 0.24	1.92 ± 0.22	1.88 ± 0.14	1.65 ± 0.17	1.62 ± 0.15	1.54 ± 0.13	1.57 ± 0.15	1.49 ± 0.13	1.42 ± 0.09	1.31 ± 0.08	1.35 ± 0.11	1.34 ± 0.07
Stance Time (s)	0.7611 P = 0.10		1.26 ± 0.19	1.18 ± 0.15	1.26 ± 0.15	1.01 ± 0.11	0.98 ± 0.10	0.99 ± 0.10	0.92 ± 0.09	0.88 ± 0.07	0.87 ± 0.08	0.76 ± 0.03	0.80 ± 0.07	0.74 ± 0.05
Swing Time (s)	0.0643 P = 0.54		0.72 ± 0.06	0.74 ± 0.09	0.61 ± 0.07	0.65 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.05	0.65 ± 0.06	0.62 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.04	0.53 ± 0.06	0.55 ± 0.06	0.60 ± 0.07
Double Support Time (s)	0.0173 * P = 0.74	TC > WO	0.27 ± 0.12	0.27 ± 0.06	0.43 ± 0.15	0.18 ± 0.06	0.22 ± 0.05	0.25 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.03	0.15 ± 0.04	0.17 ± 0.04	0.06 ± 0.04	0.14 ± 0.04	0.14 ± 0.01

Values are means ± SE. See METHODS for calculations.
* Indicates a p-value of less than 0.05 showing significant differences between conditions. Statistical power, P, is reported under the p-value. Tukey Honestly Significant Difference, THSD, results are reported for metrics with significance.
Five subjects completed all conditions at 0.36 m/s and 0.54 m/s. Four subjects completed all conditions at 0.72 m/s and 0.89 m/s.
Double support time is for four subjects for all conditions at all speeds.

ISSN: 1743-0003