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Table 3 Harmonic ratio values

From: Control of the upper body accelerations in young and elderly women during level walking

Harmonic Ratio

YG

EG

  

CS

FS

Δ (%)

CS

FS

Δ (%)

AP

H

2.96 (0.40)

1.60 (0.18)

-46%

2.60 (0.21)

2.26 (0.18)

-13%

 

S

5.48 (0.70)

2.41 (0.44)

-56%

4.19 (0.33)

3.41 (0.40)

-19%

 

P

8.85 (0.79)

6.70 (0.90)

N.S.

6.12 (0.39)

6.05 (0.66)

N.S.

ML

H

3.00 (0.29)

1.78 (0.21)

-41%

3.84 (0.40)

2.06 (0.17)

-46%

 

S

3.40 (0.29)

2.17 (0.47)

-36%

4.70 (0.54)

2.40 (0.21)

-49%

 

P

2.86 (0.22)

2.04 (0.36)

-29%

3.11 (0.33)

1.82 (0.21)

-42%

V

H

16.34 (1.31)

11.13 (1.79)

-32%

11.26 (1.07)

9.01 (1.39)

-20%

 

S

17.57 (1.83)

10.33 (1.65)

-41%

13.72 (1.49)

11.52 (1.72)

-16%

 

P

17.04 (1.83)

11.70 (1.56)

-31%

11.60 (0.78)

10.25 (1.59)

-11%

  1. Mean (s.e.m.) values of the Harmonic Ratios computed at each body level (H, S, P) and in each direction (AP, ML, V) for the two groups (YG, CG). When significant, the variation (Δ) of the Harmonic Ratio between the comfortable (CS) and the fast speed (FS) conditions is reported as a percentage of the CS value (t-test, p < 0.05; N.S. = not significant).