Table 2 Anatomical landmark description

HF= Head of the Fibula

Tibia= tibia+ fibula

Proximal tip of the head of the fibula.

TT = Tibial Tuberosity

The most anterior border of the proximal extremity of tibial tuberosity.

LM = Lateral Malleolus

The lateral apex of the external malleolus.

MM = Medial Malleolus

Medial apex of the internal malleolus

ca= Calcaneus

Hindfoot= calcaneus and astragalus

Lower ridge of the calcaneus posterior surface.

PT = Peroneal Tubercle

Sitting with unloaded foot placed at 90° with respect to the sagittal axis of the fibula. Following the prolongation of inferior apex of the lateral malleolus, aligned with the longitudinal axis of the tibia, place the marker on the first bone prominence below the lateral mallleolus.

ST = Sustentaculum Talii

Sitting with unloaded foot placed at 90° with respect to the sagittal axis of the fibula. Following the prolongation of inferior apex of the medial malleolus, aligned with the longitudinal axis of the tibia, place the marker 2 cm under the distal border of the lateral malleolus: in correspondence of the last medial bone prominence before the medial muscle-tendon insertion of the calcaneus.

NT = Navicular Tuberosity

Midfoot= scaphoid, cuboid, 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd cuneiform, 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd metatarsus

Sitting with his unloaded foot placed at 90° with respect to the sagittal axis of the fibula. Ask the subject to relax the foot and find the proximal epyphisis of the 1^st metatarsal. Following the line between the proximal epyphisis of the 1^st metatarsal and the lower ridge of the calcaneus the first prominence that you palpate is the cuneiform and the second is the navicular. Once found the navicular bone on that line place the marker on the navicular following the line orthogonal to the floor on the interior side of the extensor longus of the allux (ask the subject to rise the allux to find the extensor longus).

C= Cuboid

Sitting with his unloaded foot placed at 90° with respect to the sagittal axis of the fibula. In correspondence of the proximal aspect of the 5^th metatarsal base following the direction of the tibia axis (orthogonal to the floor) place the marker on the first bone prominence you palpate on the cuboid.

VMB = Fifth Metatarsal Base

The most external surface of the base of the fifth metatarsus.

IMH = First Metatarsal Heads

Forefoot= 1^st, 2^nd,3^rd,4^th,5^th metatarsal heads and phalanxes (1^st, 2^nd,3^rd,4^th,5^th toes)

Head of the 1st metatarsus

VMH = Fifth Metatarsal Heads

Head of the Vth metatarsus

IIT = Proximal epiphysis of second toe phalanx

Choose the 2^nd ray with the left hand, and with the right hand move the proximal phalanx of the second toe in dorsi and plantarflexion; place 1 cm distal from the joint interstice.