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Table 2 Work performed at the leg joints during a walking step normalized by the subject's mass.

From: Biomechanical energy harvesting from human motion: theory, state of the art, design guidelines, and future directions

work during the phase (J/kg)

average (J/kg)

standard deviation (J/kg)

Ankle A-1

-0.0074

0.0072

Ankle A-2

0.0036

0.0046

Ankle A-3

-0.111

0.042

Ankle A-4

0.296

0.051

Knee K-1

-0.048

0.032

Knee K-2

0.0186

0.026

Knee K-3

-0.047

0.015

Knee K-4

-0.114

0.015

Hip H-1

0.103

0.047

Hip H-2

-0.044

0.029

Hip H-3

0.090

0.027

  1. A1-4 are phases of work that are performed in the ankle joint, K1-4 are phases for the knee, and H1-3 are for the hip joint. Work represents the net summation of work at the joint muscles [20], and negative values represent negative work.