Figure 1From: Load emphasizes muscle effort minimization during selection of arm movement directionExperimental setup and joint angles. Subjects performed the free-stroke drawing task with either the dominant or nondominant arm within a circular workspace specified for each arm. The dashed line depicting the left circle emphasizes that the task was performed unimanually. Each arm performed the task in two load conditions, without and with load attached at the wrist. The locations of the two circle centers were defined by shoulder and elbow joint angles of ϕ = 30° and θ = 100°, respectively. Increases in values of θ and ϕ corresponded to flexion at both the elbow and shoulder joints.Back to article page