Table 4 Summary of the Direction Ratios for each performance measure across command sources, ANOVA results, and fixed effects between sources

Throughput (bits/s)

0.49 ± 0.11

0.47 ± 0.18

0.51 ± 0.13

0.247

0.391

0.094

Path Efficiency

0.54 ± 0.11

0.53 ± 0.19

0.59 ± 0.14

0.039

0.571

0.021

Overshoot

0.84 ± 0.34

1.14 ± 0.40

1.39 ± 0.57

0

0.000

0.003

Reaction Time (s)

0.77 ± 0.48

0.81 ± 0.39

0.84 ± 0.57

0.687

0.543

0.739

Average Speed (m/s)

1.01 ± 0.09

0.96 ± 0.11

0.97 ± 0.09

0.005

0.003

0.561

DR 1,3

Performance

ANOVA

Measure

Head Or.

EMG

Joystick

p

HdOr.

Joystick

Throughput (bits/s)

0.34 ± 0.09

0.30 ± 0.12

0.36 ± 0.08

0.001

0.040

0.001

Path Efficiency

0.39 ± 0.09

0.38 ± 0.14

0.45 ± 0.10

4e-04

0.473

0.001

Overshoot

1.24 ± 0.52

1.38 ± 0.46

1.36 ± 0.66

0.262

0.087

0.814

Reaction Time (s)

0.73 ± 0.53

0.85 ± 0.38

0.82 ± 0.58

0.333

0.111

0.729

Average Speed (m/s)

0.98 ± 0.08

0.96 ± 0.15

0.94 ± 0.10

0.111

0.194

0.341

DR 2,3

Performance

ANOVA

Measure

Head Or.

EMG

Joystick

p

HdOr.

Joystick

Throughput (bits/s)

0.69 ± 0.11

0.64 ± 0.16

0.70 ± 0.10

0.002

0.026

0.003

Path Efficiency

0.72 ± 0.11

0.71 ± 0.20

0.76 ± 0.10

0.04

0.744

0.050

Overshoot

1.48 ± 0.46

1.21 ± 0.45

0.98 ± 0.30

0

0.000

0.000

Reaction Time (s)

0.95 ± 0.40

1.05 ± 0.39

0.98 ± 0.41

0.208

0.082

0.244

Average Speed (m/s)

0.98 ± 0.09

1.00 ± 0.08

0.97 ± 0.09

0.05

0.053

0.009