Table 4 Median, minimum and maximum for healthy volunteers, chronic patients with modified Ashworth score (mAS) = 0 and chronic patients with mAS ≥ 1, and p-value of the Kruskal Wallis test for differences between groups for passive, active and reflexive parameters

P_ROM (degrees)

138 [118; 148]

132 [100; 151]

100 [42; 133]

p < 0.001^#

P_k (Nm rad⁻¹)

1.72 [1.13; 2.95]

0.85 [0.29; 1.68]

1.44 [0.90; 4.84]

p < 0.001^#

P_RA (degrees)

−52 [−64; 1]

−33 [−61; −10]

−52 [−73; −5]

p = 0.013^#

A_ROM (degrees)

146 [119; 158]

128 [26; 148]

14 [0; 120]

p < 0.001^#

A_MVC (Nm)

flexor

25.2 [16.4; 28.7]

18.4 [0.3; 27.6]

2.2 [0.1; 13.3]

p < 0.001^#

extensor

14.9 [4.6; 25.4]

10.5 [0.1; 18.9]

1.1 [0.1; 6.0]

p < 0.001^#

A_CJT (Nm)

flexor

17.3 [12.0; 18.4]

12.4 [0.0; 21.1]

2.2 [0.0; 8.2]

p < 0.001^#

extensor

12.7 [4.1; 18.4]

7.8 [0.0; 14.0]

0.0 [0.0; 4.9]

p < 0.001^#

R_ta (degrees)

flexor

−71 [−80; 9]

−72 [−84; 47]

−54 [−68; −8]

p = 0.221

extensor

35 [−45; 55]

19 [−63; 46]

−64 [−69; 14]

p = 0.031^#

R_lt (s)

flexor

0.028 [0.022; 0.039]

0.030 [0.022; 0.045]

0.027 [0.021; 0.033]

p = 0.537

extensor

0.032 [0.022; 0.042]

0.037 [0.020; 0.049]

0.036 [0.028; 0.044]

p = 0.097

R_kv (Nms rad⁻¹)

−0.015 [−0.059; 0.395]

0.025 [−0.056; 0.242]

0.053 [0.005; 0.160]

p = 0.017^#

R_{m_env} (Nms rad⁻¹)

−0.006 [−0.086; 0.368]

0.044 [−0.068; 0.444]

0.032 [−0.006; 0.126]

p = 0.192