Frailty assessment based on trunk kinematic parameters during walking

Table 2 Mean parameter values, with standard deviations, in the VT, AP and ML directions and p-values between groups

		Robust	Pre-frail	Frail	Statistical Significance
		Mean ± std.	Mean ± std.	Mean ± std.	R-PF	PF-F	R-F
Gait velocity (m/s)		0.59 ± 0.14	0.45 ± 0.13	0.32 ± 0.10	*	*	*
Cadence (step/min)		87.0 ± 14.8	88.4 ± 15.4	85.6 ± 16.6
Step Regularity	AP	0.43 ± 0.16	0.40 ± 0.16	0.39 ± 0.17
	ML	0.67 ± 0.16	0.69 ± 0.16	0.71 ± 0.14
	VT	0.68 ± 0.16	0.58 ± 0.19	0.42 ± 0.21	*	*	*
Stride Regularity	AP	0.45 ± 0.17	0.40 ± 0.16	0.41 ± 0.17	*
	ML	0.64 ± 0.18	0.64 ± 0.19	0.65 ± 0.16
	VT	0.64 ± 0.17	0.58 ± 0.19	0.44 ± 0.21	*	*	*
Symmetry	AP	0.25 ± 0.20	0.24 ± 0.18	0.27 ± 0.19
	ML	0.17 ± 0.15	0.16 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.11			*
	VT	0.14 ± 0.11	0.18 ± 0.15	0.25 ± 0.21	*	*	*
RMS	AP	1.00 ± 0.36	0.91 ± 0.33	0.77 ± 0.25		*	*
	ML	1.10 ± 0.31	1.15 ± 0.39	1.10 ± 0.29
	VT	1.29 ± 0.44	1.04 ± 0.41	0.69 ± 0.29	*	*	*
Step Time CoV		0.10 ± 0.07	0.12 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.08	*	*	*
HR	AP	1.99 ± 0.60	1.96 ± 0.57	1.93 ± 0.61
	ML	2.16 ± 0.64	2.09 ± 0.59	2.30 ± 0.83
	VT	2.33 ± 0.55	2.15 ± 0.46	1.96 ± 0.57	*	*	*
THD	AP	3.61 ± 1.95	3.62 ± 2.02	3.56 ± 1.77
	ML	1.60 ± 0.70	1.71 ± 0.88	1.60 ± 0.69
	VT	2.68 ± 1.11	3.35 ± 1.64	4.43 ± 2.34	*	*	*
ApEn	AP	−0.63 ± 0.11	−0.66 ± 0.12	−0.62 ± 0.71
	ML	−1.32 ± 2.91	−1.42 ± 4.17	−2.44 ± 8.93
	VT	0.98 ± 2.19	1.96 ± 2.64	4.58 ± 3.85	*	*	*

*p < 0.05Acronyms: Reg regularity, Sym Symmetry, RMS signal root mean square value, CoV coefficient of variation of the step time, ApEn approximate entropy, HR harmonic ratio; total harmonic distortion (THD). All these parameters were obtained for three directions: vertical (VT), medio-lateral (ML) and antero-posterior (AP)

ISSN: 1743-0003