Fig. 5

The graphical representations clearly show the similarities among the sub-groups identified by different authors with different methods in different populations of patients. The five 3D Sub-Groups that we found comparing the results of the different authors included: a 3D-SG1, important Cobb angle, reduced kyphosis and lordosis; b 3D-SG 2, very important Cobb angle, reduced kyphosis and maintained lordosis; c 3D-SG3, important Cobb angle, maintained kyphosis and reduced lordosis; d 3D-SG4, medium Cobb angle, mild apical rotation and medium PMC rotation; e 3D-SG5, important Cobb angle, very low kyphosis, medium apical rotation and high PMC rotation. Images were taken from the papers according to the references: 18; 21–23