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Table 2 Descriptive and inferential statistics of the clinical outcome measures (with follow-up)

From: Effects of combining robot-assisted therapy with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor impairment, motor and daily function, and quality of life in patients with chronic stroke: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial

Outcomes

RT + ES (n = 20)

RT + Sham (n = 19)

Repeated measure ANOVA

Pretest

Posttest

Follow-up

Pretest

Posttest

Follow-up

F

P

Partial η2

Motor impairment

UE-FMA

30.70 (9.76)

34.60 (9.79)**

32.90 (8.75)

26.89 (10.66)

30.68 (10.02)**

29.21 (9.25)**

.010

.955

<.01

MAS

  Forearm pronator

1.10 (0.58)

1.18 (0.63)

--

1.37 (0.70)

1.29 (0.75)

--

.974

.330

.026

  Forearm supinator

0.05 (0.22)

0.05 (0.22)

--

0.05 (0.23)

0.13 (0.40)

--

.366

.549

.010

  Wrist flexor

1.35 (0.59)

1.08 (0.49)**

--

1.03 (0.66)

1.13 (0.64)

--

4.161

.049*

.101

  Wrist extensor

0.28 (0.50)

0.18 (0.44)

--

0.21 (0.42)

0.21 (0.42)

--

.949

.336

.025

Daily function

WMFT

  Time

7.39 (3.26)

6.72 (3.18)

--

8.50 (4.06)

7.30 (2.50)

--

.545

.465

.015

  FAS

2.54 (0.52)

2.76 (0.55)**

--

2.35 (0.61)

2.43 (0.61)**

--

5.971

.019*

.139

MAL

  AOU

0.57 (0.57)

0.92 (0.81)**

0.71 (0.65)

0.54 (0.70)

0.82 (1.01)**

0.69 (0.82)

.165

.848

.004

  QOM

0.47 (0.53)

0.86 (0.75)**

0.61 (0.56)

0.51 (0.63)

0.79 (0.95)**

0.59 (0.69)

.351

.705

.009

Quality of life

  SIS Physical Function

58.87 (9.57)

64.43 (12.34)**

57.43 (12.54)

56.57 (11.33)

64.19 (14.12)**

54.17 (8.40)***

.401

.631

.012

  Strength

38.75 (8.98)

44.69 (16.26)

41.56 (14.38)

37.17 (17.36)

44.74 (16.96)

40.46 (15.92)

.065

.937

.002

  ADL

77.94 (17.68)

81.76 (15.86)

79.96 (15.99)

75.96 (14.56)

76.37 (15.32)

77.16 (13.00)

.537

.587

.014

  Mobility

93.21 (5.86)****

93.61 (6.50)

93.20 (5.67)

82.69 (19.98)

89.23 (15.07)

90.88 (14.36)**

4.372

.016*

.106

  Hand function

26.78 (22.07)

38.42 (29.29)

50.32 (34.31)

24.93 (21.14)

42.62 (26.43)**

25.02 (20.79)***

4.992

.014*

.128

  1. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation)
  2. RT robot-assistive therapy, ES electrical stimulation, UE-FMA Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity subscore, MAS modified Ashworth scale, MAL Motor Activity Log, AOU amount of use, QOM quality of movement, WMFT the Wolf Motor Function Test, FAS functional ability scale, SIS Stroke Impact Scale 3.0, ADL activities of daily living
  3. * Significant group × time interaction revealed by repeated measures ANOVA (p < .05)
  4. ** Significantly different from pretest (p < .05)
  5. *** Significantly different from the posttest (p < .05)
  6. **** Significantly different from the RT + Sham group (p < .05)