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Table 2 Isometric and dynamic force, peak power, quadriceps femoris (QF) muscles volume and cross sectional area (CSA) in the training group (TG) and the control group (CG) before (PRE) and after (POST) the 12-week eccentric-overload flywheel resistance exercise intervention

From: Muscle, functional and cognitive adaptations after flywheel resistance training in stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial

 

More-affected leg

Less-affected leg

PRE

POST

Δ %

95 % CI

PRE

POST

Δ %

95 % CI

Maximal isometric force (N)

  
 

TG c,d

714.3 (314.4)

856.1 (386.2) ​#

19.8

58.03 to 225.47

1128.4 (355.8) *

1148.5 (364.0) *

1.8

-108.05 to 148.23

 

CG d

653.4 (327.7)

626.0 (269.7)

-4.2

-108.70 to 53.89

989.1 (363.4) *

983.9 (315.5) *

-0.5

-104.60 to 94.11

Maximal dynamic force (N) a

  
 

TG c

481.8 (166.3)

548.5 (190.4)

13.8

-1.23 to 134.63

520.5 (192.2)

570.3 (176.2)

9.6

-10.74 to 110.45

 

CG d

454.9 (146.9)

431.2 (133.0)

-5.2

-64.07 to 16.71

538.6 (203.3)

545.1 (194.0)

1.2

-37.73 to 50.58

Peak power (W) a

  
 

TG c,d

89.4 (66.4)

132.5 (87.6) #

48.2

23.25 to 62.92

161.3 (101.7) *

206.7 (117.6) #*

28.1

15.89 to 74.91

 

CG b,c,d

92.7 (50.4)

98.1 (55.2)

5.9

-4.48 to 15.37

150.3 (66.8) *

169.6 (66.3) #*

12.9

6.14 to 32.51

QF muscle volume (cm3) a

  
 

TG b,c,d

665.4 (260.0)

727.9 (283.6) #

9.4

37.68 to 87.44

806.3 (263.8) *

810.1 (260.8) *

0.5

-25.53 to 33.12

 

CG d

755.6 (258.9)

757.8 (256.9)

0.3

-26.37 to 30.77

861.4 (285.1) *

859.0 (275.3) *

-0.3

-28.47 to 23.59

RF muscle volume (cm3)

  
 

TG d

70.0 (35.4)

70.1 (32.7)

0.1

-5.13 to 5.33

78.6 (34.7)

79.9 (33.8)

1.7

-3.04 to 5.69

 

CG

67.9 (29.5)

70.3 (30.4)

3.5

0.17 to 4.58

70.6 (29.3)

72.5 (30.1)

2.7

-1.54 to 5.33

VL muscle volume (cm3) a

  
 

TG b,c,d

230.4 (90.2)

253.5 (96.9) #

10.0

13.71 to 32.54

275.3 (85.3) *

275.6 (84.3)

0.1

-13.16 to 13.91

 

CG d

263.9 (93.4)

262.7 (89.6)

-0.5

-14.36 to 11.88

311.2 (118.5) *

308.1 (108.8) *

-1.0

-14.80 to 8.67

VI muscle volume (cm3)

  
 

TG b,c,d

193.2 (79.7)

213.2 (93.6) #

10.3

7.66 to 32.33

240.1 (81.4) *

239.4 (86.8) *

-0.3

-9.84 to 8.53

 

CG d

226.7 (90.3)

234.1 (93.9)

3.3

-2.17 to 16.98

255.1 (96.8) *

254.0 (98.1)

-0.4

-9.03 to 6.95

VM muscle volume (cm3) a

  
 

TG b,c,d

171.8 (68.8)

191.2 (71.5) #

11.3

12.30 to 26.39

212.4 (83.0) *

215.2 (76.9) *

1.3

-5.02 to 10.53

 

CG b,d

194.4 (70.5)

187.9 (63.9)

-3.3

-16.76 to 3.76

222.5 (68.3) *

224.2 (69.6) *

0.8

-5.90 to 9.38

QF greatest CSA (cm2) a

  
 

TG b,c,d

53.2 (14.2)

57.6 (14.8) #

8.2

2.17 to 6.52

62.6 (13.1) *

63.7 (14.2) *

1.8

-0.83 to 3.06

 

CG d

57.5 (16.7)

56.3 (15.9)

-2.0

-3.00 to 0.71

64.8 (15.8) *

64.6 (15.5) *

-0.3

-1.73 to 1.34

QF mean CSA (cm2) a

  
 

TG b,c,d

48.7 (13.1)

53.2 (14.3) #

9.3

3.06 to 6.04

57.7 (13.1) *

58.6 (13.3) *

1.6

-0.67 to 2.47

 

CG d

52.6 (14.8)

52.1 (14.3)

-1.0

-2.04 to 1.01

59.4 (14.4) *

59.2 (14.0) *

-0.3

-1.69 to 1.37

  1. Note. 95 % CI; 95 % confidence interval for the Post-Pre difference in absolute values within a group. QF; quadriceps femoris, RF; rectus femoris, VL; vastus lateralis, VI; vastus intermedius, VM; vastus medialis. Significant main effects (P < 0.05); a interaction group x time; b interaction time x leg; c main effect of time; d main effect of leg. Significant simple effects (P < 0.05); #vs. pre value within a leg; *vs. more-affected leg for a given time point