Table 3 Functional and cognitive variables in training group (TG) and control group (CG) before (PRE) and after (POST) the 12-week eccentric-overload flywheel resistance exercise intervention

Spasticity (a.u.)

14

1.18 (0.88)

0.94 (0.71)

-0.24 (-0.51 to 0.03)

15

0.79 (0.89)

0.65 (0.71)

-0.13 (-0.40 to 0.14)

Berg Balance Scale (a.u.) ^{a, b}

14

42.2 (9.5)

45.9 (9.1) ^#

3.77 (2.60 to 4.94)

15

45.6 (8.7)

44.0 (9.6) ^#

-1.64 (-2.77 to -0.51)

Timed-Up-and-Go (s) ^{a, b}

14

20.3 (14.5)

18.2 (13.9) ^#

-2.16 (-3.67 to -0.65)

15

17.6 (16.0)

17.6 (14.8)

0.03 (-1.42 to 1.49)

Single-task circuit time (s) ^b

14

44.4 (33.4)

40.0 (33.5) ^#

-4.39 (-7.48 to -1.30)

15

34.7 (30.4)

33.2 (26.0)

-1.45 (-4.42 to 1.53)

Dual-task circuit time (s) ^a

12

53.5 (47.4)

46.3 (43.5)

-7.19 (-13.07 to -1.31)

14

34.5 (18.5)

36.8 (20.5)

2.30 (-3.58 to 8.19)

Dual-task cost of walking (a.u.) ^a

12

23.8 (19.7)

17.0 (13.9)

-6.76 (-15.31 to 1.80)

14

27.1 (23.0)

35.4 (31.2)

8.33 (0.15 to 16.53)

Digits Span Forward (a.u.) ^a

12

7.2 (2.7)

7.4 (2.1)

0.25 (-0.45 to 0.95)

14

7.0 (1.8)

6.7 (2.1)

-0.29 (-0.93 to 0.36)

Digits Span Backward (a.u.) ^a

12

4.0 (2.2)

4.7 (1.6)

0.67 (-0.10 to 1.44)

14

4.8 (1.5)

4.4 (1.7)

-0.36 (-1.07 to 0.35)

RAVLT Learning (a.u.)

12

35.8 (7.7)

38.3 (8.3)

2.50 (-1.52 to 6.52)

13

37.2 (11.1)

35.8 (11.8)

-1.46 (-5.32 to 2.40)

RAVLT Long-term Recall (a.u.)

12

6.2 (2.7)

5.6 (3.3)

-0.58 (-1.85 to 0.69)

13

6.6 (3.4)

6.5 (3.9)

-0.08 (-1.30 to 1.14)

CPT Reaction Time (a.u.)

14

465.4 (95.6)

457.4 (89.6)

-7.93 (-31.95 to 16.08)

15

447.8 (94.9)

443.8 (82.1)

-4.01 (-27.21 to 19.20)

Spatial Span Forward (a.u.)

14

6.2 (1.8)

6.9 (2.2)

0.64 (-0.24 to 1.53)

15

6.9 (1.6)

6.5 (1.9)

-0.33 (-1.19 to 0.52)

Spatial Span Backward (a.u.)

14

5.4 (2.1)

5.7 (1.8)

0.29 (-0.50 to 1.07)

15

6.1 (2.1)

6.1 (2.2)

-0.07 (-0.83 to 0.70)

Stroop Word (a.u.)

13

74.5 (20.7)

72.1 (22.3)

-2.46 (-14.29 to 9.37)

13

81.2 (22.6)

71.7 (30.5)

-9.46 (-21.29 to 2.37)

Stroop Color (a.u.) ^a

13

47.2 (18.2)

48.6 (18.0) ^#

1.46 (-1.85 to 4.78)

13

55.9 (14.8)

54.9 (15.9)

-1.00 (-4.32 to 2.32)

Stroop Word and Color (a.u.)

13

21.6 (12.8)

22.8 (13.9)

1.15 (-2.29 to 4.60)

13

27.5 (12.8)

29.2 (12.2)

1.69 (-1.76 to 5.14)

TMT_A (a.u.)

13

71.6 (29.7)

65.9 (35.1)

-5.77 (-19.15 to 7.61)

15

71.9 (48.4)

67.2 (38.8)

-4.67 (-17.13 to 7.79)

TMT_B (a.u.)

10

206.7 (109.1)

196.6 (129.7)

-10.10 (-42.10 to 21.90)

10

183.2 (165.3)

186.0 (141.9)

2.80 (-29.20 to 34.80)

FAS (a.u.) ^a

13

21.9 (14.3)

26.6 (15.3) ^#

4.69 (0.88 to 8.51)

13

25.5 (13.5)

25.4 (15.6)

-0.15 (-3.97 to 3.66)

SF-36 Physical function (a.u.)

13

33.1 (21.8)

38.9 (28.4)

5.77 (-6.16 to 17.70)

15

38.3 (25.6)

44.0 (32.8)

5.67 (-5.44 to 16.77)

SF-36 Physical limitation (a.u.)

13

50.5 (39.6)

65.9 (31.9)

15.39 (-2.73 to 33.50)

15

63.3 (40.5)

62.9 (39.6)

-0.42 (-17.28 to 16.45)

SF-36 Pain (a.u.) ^a

13

65.2 (36.2)

76.9 (23.1)

11.73 (-6.16 to 29.62)

15

67.3 (39.6)

49.8 (39.1) * ^#

-17.50 (-34.16 to -0.85)

SF-36 Social function (a.u.)

13

82.7 (19.8)

85.8 (20.1)

3.08 (-10.47 to 16,63)

15

76.7 (29.1)

78.3 (31.5)

1.67 (-10.95 to 14.28)

SF-36 Mental health (a.u.) ^b

13

61.9 (23.6)

78.1 (15.9)

16.15 (3.02 to 29.29)

15

66.3 (22.6)

71.4 (24.7)

5.02 (-7.22 to 17.24)

SF-36 Emotional problems limitation (a.u.)

13

79.5 (22.7)

89.1 (23.2)

9.62 (-6.71 to 25.94)

15

93.3 (19.9)

87.8 (30.9)

-5.56 (-20.75 to 9.64)

SF-36 Vitality (a.u.)

13

53.9 (20.3)

55.3 (26.9)

1.44 (-14.02 to 16.91)

15

51.0 (23.5)

52.1 (30.9)

1.08 (-13.31 to 15.48)

SF-36 General perception (a.u.)

13

56.5 (17.9)

58.5 (19.9)

1.92 (-7.41 to 11.26)

15

54.0 (22.4)

51.7 (18.9)

-2.33 (-11.02 to 6.36)