Free-living gait characteristics in ageing and Parkinson’s disease: impact of environment and ambulatory bout length

Del Din, Silvia; Godfrey, Alan; Galna, Brook; Lord, Sue; Rochester, Lynn

doi:10.1186/s12984-016-0154-5

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 3 Impact of bout length on free-living gait characteristics

From: Free-living gait characteristics in ageing and Parkinson’s disease: impact of environment and ambulatory bout length

Domain/gait characteristic	ABs ≤ 10s			10s < ABs ≤ 20s			20s < ABs ≤ 30s
Domain/gait characteristic	CL (n = 50)	PD (n = 47)	p	CL (n = 50)	PD (n = 47)	p	CL (n = 50)	PD (n = 47)	p
Pace	1663 steps	1603 steps		2196 steps	1926 steps		1517 steps	1181 steps
Step Velocity (m/s)	0.934 (0.374)	0.910 (0.640)	0.145	1.046 ± 0.067	1.010 ± 0.111	0.059	1.082 (0.385)	1.009 (0.569)	0.003
Step Length (m)	0.537 (0.143)	0.528 (0.208)	0.066	0.588 (0.149)	0.570 (0.198)	0.002	0.600 (0.160)	0.587 (0.164)	0.001
Swing Time Var (s)	0.166 ± 0.013	0.172 ± 0.021	0.097	0.156 (0.093)	0.162 (0.097)	0.056	0.152 (0.133)	0.158 (0.097)	0.056
Variability (SD)
Step Velocity Var (m/s)	0.390 (0.172)	0.374 (0.232)	0.196	0.383 (0.212)	0.376 (0.221)	0.479	0.388 (0.347)	0.375 (0.199)	0.511
Step Length Var (m)	0.163 (0.048)	0.160 (0.072)	0.231	0.153 (0.057)	0.154 (0.065)	0.431	0.150 (0.086)	0.154 (0.052)	0.048
Step Time Var (s)	0.204 (0.095)	0.205 (0.138)	0.457	0.186 (0.116)	0.187 (0.155)	0.289	0.181 (0.172)	0.183 (0.155)	0.201
Stance Time Var (s)	0.217 (0.114)	0.219 (0.193)	0.431	0.198 (0.144)	0.201 (0.191)	0.191	0.192 (0.194)	0.195 (0.194)	0.164
Rhythm
Step Time (s)	0.611 (0.106)	0.61 (0.306)	0.639	0.609 (0.121)	0.618 (0.384)	0.220	0.607 (0.140)	0.619 (0.407)	0.054
Swing Time (s)	0.468 (0.090)	0.471 (0.230)	0.436	0.467 (0.103)	0.474 (0.298)	0.201	0.463 (0.105)	0.477 (0.305)	0.033
Stance Time (s)	0.760 (0.159)	0.755 (0.403)	0.891	0.761 (0.186)	0.760 (0.512)	0.488	0.753 (0.193)	0.758 (0.553)	0.130
Asymmetry
Step Time Asy (s)	0.164 (0.123)	0.164 (0.171)	0.639	0.083 (0.135)	0.084 (0.156)	0.751	0.056 (0.103)	0.058 (0.112)	0.402
Swing Time Asy (s)	0.123 (0.080)	0.125 (0.133)	0.316	0.075 (0.116)	0.077 (0.144)	0.164	0.049 (0.082)	0.053 (0.147)	0.151
Stance Time Asy (s)	0.165 (0.116)	0.164 (0.149)	0.702	0.084 (0.131)	0.084 (0.149)	0.398	0.055 (0.108)	0.059 (0.132)	0.217
Postural Control
Step Length Asy (m)	0.125 ± 0.012	0.121 ± 0.018	0.173	0.090 (0.117)	0.088 (0.102)	0.359	0.073 (0.068)	0.069 (0.074)	0.071
	30s < ABs ≤ 60s			60s < ABs ≤ 120 s			ABs > 120 s
	CL (n = 50)	PD (n = 47)	p	CL (n = 50)	PD (n = 47)	p	CL (n = 50)	PD (n = 47)	p
Pace	2226 steps	1632 steps		1596 steps	1205 steps		3797 steps	2975 steps
Step Velocity (m/s)	1.103 (0.411)	1.038 (0.422)	<0.001	1.110 (0.419)	1.032 (0.472)	0.003	1.137 (1.035)	1.029 (0.686)	<0.001
Step Length (m)	0.609 (0.173)	0.593 (0.185)	0.003	0.608 (0.194)	0.590 (0.236)	0.034	0.632 (0.269)	0.581 (0.206)	0.005
Swing Time Var (s)	0.147 (0.138)	0.153 (0.134)	0.029	0.142 (0.127)	0.144 (0.156)	0.279	0.125 (0.174)	0.146 (0.181)	0.014
Variability (SD)
Step Velocity Var (m/s)	0.376 (0.326)	0.369 (0.265)	0.411	0.370 ± 0.051	0.353 ± 0.062	0.153	0.354 (0.559)	0.351 (0.803)	0.573
Step Length Var (m)	0.148 (0.106)	0.150 (0.093)	0.141	0.144 (0.073)	0.146 (0.115)	0.806	0.145 (0.153)	0.150 (0.126)	0.511
Step Time Var (s)	0.174 (0.173)	0.178 (0.178)	0.033	0.170 (0.168)	0.172 (0.219)	0.214	0.151 (0.224)	0.180 (0.233)	0.042
Stance Time Var (s)	0.187 (0.199)	0.190 (0.249)	0.054	0.182 (0.185)	0.187 (0.297)	0.179	0.160 ± 0.047	0.181 ± 0.051	0.042
Rhythm
Step Time (s)	0.600 (0.092)	0.610 (0.333)	0.057	0.591 (0.118)	0.604 (0.292)	0.033	0.576 (0.253)	0.599 (0.570)	0.001
Swing Time (s)	0.457 (0.100)	0.469 (0.259)	0.033	0.443 (0.110)	0.453 (0.191)	0.069	0.425 (0.132)	0.443 (0.403)	<0.001
Stance Time (s)	0.750 (0.128)	0.753 (0.448)	0.145	0.742 (0.139)	0.755 (0.341)	0.041	0.723 (0.310)	0.754 (0.666)	0.001
Asymmetry
Step Time Asy (s)	0.041 (0.067)	0.045 (0.068)	0.012	0.029 (0.034)	0.031 (0.078)	0.082	0.019 (0.037)	0.022 (0.17)	0.419
Swing Time Asy (s)	0.036 (0.055)	0.041 (0.072)	0.001	0.026 (0.033)	0.029 (0.059)	0.166	0.018 (0.050)	0.019 (0.127)	0.525
Stance Time Asy (s)	0.041 (0.067)	0.045 (0.071)	0.009	0.028 (0.041)	0.029 (0.043)	0.065	0.019 (0.040)	0.020 (0.211)	0.453
Postural Control
Step Length Asy (m)	0.055 (0.064)	0.055 (0.073)	0.554	0.036 (0.047)	0.036 (0.058)	0.868	0.020 (0.069)	0.024 (0.766)	0.073

Var variability, Asy asymmetry, steps steps per day
Values of gait characteristics for controls (CL) and people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) derived from free-living data grouped by ambulatory bout (AB) lengths (ABs ≤ 10s, 10s < ABs ≤ 20s, 20s < ABs ≤ 30s, 30s < ABs ≤ 60s, 60s < ABs ≤ 120 s, ABs > 120 s), values of normal gait characteristics are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), non-normal as median (range). Average number of steps per day (steps) taken into account for each AB length are presented for both the groups. Results of the t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test (for non-normal gait characteristics) analysis between people with PD and CL are reported, in bold are shown p values < 0.01

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