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Table 1 Optimization and forward dynamic simulation results

From: Neuro-musculoskeletal simulation of instrumented contracture and spasticity assessment in children with cerebral palsy

  

TD (N = 9)

CP (N = 11)

Effect size

p-value TD vs CP

  

mean ± std

mean ± std

Muscle properties

 

S hamstrings

0.77 ± 0.15

0.57 ± 0.11

−0.20

0.008

 

K hamstrings

3.59 ± 0.63

4.65 ± 1.27

1.07

0.057

 

S vasti

4.21 ± 8.19

1.40 ± 1.73

−2.82

0.080

 

K vasti

16.12 ± 15.28

8.73 ± 3.95

−7.40

0.322

 

optimization error (Nm)

0.24 ± 0.12

0.10 ± 0.06

−0.14

0.004

FD RMS errors (°)

 

FD slow

3.58 ± 2.38

1.12 ± 0.95

−2.46

0.006

 Stretch Only

FD fast - no spas

6.17 ± 3.60

19.20 ± 6.76

13.03

0.000

FD fast - spas G1

 

14.59 ± 7.28

  

FD fast - spas G2

 

9,00 ± 5,08

  

FD fast - spas G4

 

9.61 ± 5.94

  

FD fast - spas Gopt

 

5.95 ± 2.13

 

0.766a

 Stretch + Hold

FD fast - no spas

10.55 ± 5.62

18.12 ± 5.81

7.57

0.016

FD fast - spas G1

 

17.85 ± 9.25

  

FD fast - spas G2

 

15.27 ± 8.60

  

FD fast - spas G4

 

12.19 ± 4.75

 

FD fast - spas Gopt

 

10.40 ± 4.59

 

0.941a

  1. Abbreviations: TD typically developing, CP cerebral palsy, S passive muscle strain at optimum muscle force, K shape factor of passive force-length curve, FD forward dynamic results, G1-4 stretch reflex gain factors of 1 to 4, G opt optimal gain factor (0,1,2, or 4) per subject
  2. aSpas Gopt results were statistically compared against TD no spas