| | |
TD (N = 9)
|
CP (N = 11)
|
Effect size
|
p-value TD vs CP
|
|---|
| | |
mean ± std
|
mean ± std
|
|---|
|
Muscle properties
|
| |
S hamstrings
|
0.77 ± 0.15
|
0.57 ± 0.11
|
−0.20
|
0.008
|
| |
K hamstrings
|
3.59 ± 0.63
|
4.65 ± 1.27
|
1.07
|
0.057
|
| |
S vasti
|
4.21 ± 8.19
|
1.40 ± 1.73
|
−2.82
|
0.080
|
| |
K vasti
|
16.12 ± 15.28
|
8.73 ± 3.95
|
−7.40
|
0.322
|
| |
optimization error (Nm)
|
0.24 ± 0.12
|
0.10 ± 0.06
|
−0.14
|
0.004
|
|
FD RMS errors (°)
|
| |
FD slow
|
3.58 ± 2.38
|
1.12 ± 0.95
|
−2.46
|
0.006
|
|
Stretch Only
|
FD fast - no spas
|
6.17 ± 3.60
|
19.20 ± 6.76
|
13.03
|
0.000
|
|
FD fast - spas G1
| |
14.59 ± 7.28
| | |
|
FD fast - spas G2
| |
9,00 ± 5,08
| | |
|
FD fast - spas G4
| |
9.61 ± 5.94
| | |
|
FD fast - spas Gopt
| |
5.95 ± 2.13
| |
0.766a
|
|
Stretch + Hold
|
FD fast - no spas
|
10.55 ± 5.62
|
18.12 ± 5.81
|
7.57
|
0.016
|
|
FD fast - spas G1
| |
17.85 ± 9.25
| | |
|
FD fast - spas G2
| |
15.27 ± 8.60
| | |
|
FD fast - spas G4
| |
12.19 ± 4.75
| |
|
FD fast - spas Gopt
| |
10.40 ± 4.59
| |
0.941a
|
- Abbreviations: TD typically developing, CP cerebral palsy, S passive muscle strain at optimum muscle force, K shape factor of passive force-length curve, FD forward dynamic results, G1-4 stretch reflex gain factors of 1 to 4, G
opt
optimal gain factor (0,1,2, or 4) per subject
-
aSpas Gopt results were statistically compared against TD no spas
