Fig. 1

Experimental Setup overview. (a) Experiment timeline, starting with a 15 min briefing and setup, followed by 8 min of BCI calibration, 15 min of rest, 8 min of online task performance, and questionnaires. (b) BCI calibration and MI task blocks. Starting with baseline measurement, the user waits for a cue followed by a pause (repeated 40 times, 20 per class). (c) Stages for the Control condition with the standard arrows-and-bars feedback. (d) Stages for the VR training feedback, replacing the directional arrows with virtual hands performing a task in a 3D immersive environment