Task | Parameter | Behavioral attribute | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
Visually guided reaching | Posture speed (m/s) | Upper Extremity Posture Control | Mean hand speed (when hand should be at rest). |
Reaction time (s) | Response to a Visual Stimulus | Difference in time between target illumination and movement onset. | |
Initial direction error (rad) | Initial phase of the movement (Feed-forward control) | Angular deviation between a straight line (1) from the hand position at movement onset to the destination target and (2) from the hand position at movement onset to the hand position after the initial phase of movement. | |
Initial distance ratio | Initial phase of the movement (Feed-forward control) | Ratio of the distance the hand travelled (1) during the subject’s initial phase of movement to (2) between movement onset and movement offset (or the end of the trial if the destination target is not reached). | |
Initial speed ratio | Initial phase of the movement (Feed-forward control) | The maximum hand speed during the subject’s initial phase of movement/ the global hand speed maximum of the trial (Ratio). | |
Speed maxima count | Corrective Movement following the initial motor response | Hand speed maxima between movement onset and offset (Total). | |
Minimum maximum speed difference (m/s) | Corrective Movement following the initial motor response | Hand speed maxima minus minima. | |
Movement time (s) | Entire Movement | Time elapsed from movement onset to end (Total). | |
Path length ratio | Entire Movement | The distance travelled by the hand between the movement onset and movement offset/ the straight line distance between the starting and destination targets (Ratio). | |
Max speed (m/s) | Entire Movement | Maximum hand speed (Global). | |
Arm position matching | Variability X (m) | Position sense | Mean value of the variability of the subject’s hand position (X direction). |
Variability Y (m) | Position sense | Mean value of the variability of the subject’s hand position (Y direction). | |
Variability XY (m) | Position sense | RMS of X and Y variables. | |
Contraction/expansion ratio X | Position sense | Ratio of the movement range in the x-direction (arm moved by the subject compared to the arm moved by the robot). | |
Contraction/expansion ratio Y | Position sense | Ratio of the movement range in the y-direction. | |
Contraction/expansion ratio XY | Position sense | Ratio of the range of area moved over. | |
Shift X (m) | Position sense | Mean difference between the mirrored x-position of the arm moved by the subject and the x-position of the arm moved by the robot (+ lateral shift, − medial shift). | |
Shift Y (m) | Position sense | Mean difference, as above, but in the y-direction. | |
Shift XY (m) | Position sense | RMS of the X and Y shifts. | |
Absolute Error X | Position sense | The mean absolute distance error in the X direction (All trials). | |
Absolute Error Y | Position sense | The mean absolute distance error in the Y direction (All trials). | |
Absolute Error XY | Position sense | The mean absolute distance error across all trials. | |
Object hit | Total hits | Performance (Global) | Balls hit off the screen in the opposite direction from it original path (Total). |
Hits with left | Performance (Global) | Balls hit with the left (L) hand (Total). | |
Hit with right | Performance (Global) | Balls hit with the right (R) hand (Total). | |
Hand bias hits | Performance (Motor) | Quantifies the hand that is used more often for hitting the balls (hand dominance). | |
Miss bias | Performance (Spatial & Temporal) | Quantifies any bias of misses toward one side of the workspace or the other (x direction only). | |
Hand transition | Performance (Spatial & Temporal) | Identifies where the subject’s preference for using one hand over the other switches in the workspace. | |
Hand selection overlap | Performance (Motor) | Identifies how effective subjects are at using both hands and how often they overlap hands (i.e. hit balls with both the R and L hands in the same are of the work space). | |
Median error | Performance (Spatial & Temporal) | Percentage of task completion when the subject made half their errors. | |
Hand speed L (m/s) | Performance (Motor) | Mean L hand speed maintained throughout the task. | |
Hand speed R (m/s) | Performance (Motor) | Mean R hand speed maintained throughout the task. | |
Hand speed bias |  | The bias in hand speed between the hands (−1 to 1). | |
Movement area L & R (m^2) | Performance (Motor) | Surface area the subject used with each hand during the task. | |
Movement area bias | Performance (Motor) | The bias in movement area between hands (1 to 1). | |
Object hit & avoid | Parameters are the same as those identified for Object Hit, with three additions – see below. Note – Hand bias hits, Hand speed bias, and Movement area bias were removed from the primary analysis. | ||
Distractor hits L | Performance (Global) | Distractor objects hit with L hand (Total). | |
Distractor hits R | Performance (Global) | Distractor objects hit with the R hand (Total). | |
Distractor hits total | Performance (Global) | Distractor objects the subject hit; reported as the % of total distracters dropped (Total). | |
Trail Making B | Total time (s) | Executive Function | Time from the targets being illuminated to touching the last target (Total). |
Dwell time (s) | Executive Function | Time spent with the hand feedback dot at the targets (Total). | |
Time ratio |  | Time for targets 13–25/time for targets 1–12 (Ratio). | |
Error count | Â | Times an incorrect target was touched (Total). |