KINARM robot tasks | Age group | Age group 10,11: mean (SD) | Age 12,13,14: mean (SD) | Handedness | Right: mean (SD) | Left: mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visually guided reach: right | F(10, 374) = 2.337, p = 0.011 | NA | NA | F(10, 374) = 1.498, p = 0.138 | NA | NA |
 Reaction time (s) | p = 0.018 | 0.282 (0.097) | 0.264 (0.030) | NA | NA | NA |
 Initial direction error (rad) | p = 0.003 | 0.053 (0.024) | 0.046 (0.021) | NA | NA | NA |
 Initial distance ratio | p = 0.001 | 0.853 (0.098) | 0.885 (0.073) | NA | NA | NA |
 Initial speed ratio | p = 0.001 | 0.963 (0.040) | 0.976 (0.029) | NA | NA | NA |
 Speed max count | p = 0.004 | 2.60 (0.460 | 2.46 (0.495) | NA | NA | NA |
 Movement time (s) | p < 0.001 | 1.111 (0.183) | 1.044 (0.159) | NA | NA | NA |
 Max speed (m/s) | p = 0.002 | 0.254 (0.071) | 0.277 (0.067) | NA | NA | NA |
Visually guided reach: left | F(10, 374) = 3.189, p = 0.001 | NA | NA | F(10, 374) = 3.139, p = 0.001 | NA | NA |
 Reaction time (s) | p < 0.001 | 0.280 (0.037) | 0.265 (0.031) | NA | NA | NA |
 Initial direction error (rad) | p = 0.003 | 0.883 (0.067) | 0.901 (0.043) | p = 0.008 | 0.049 (0.016) | 0.043 (0.015) |
 Movement time (s) | p = 0.006 | 1.069 (0.136) | 1.031 (0.126) | NA | NA | NA |
 Max speed (m/s) | p = 0.006 | 0.269 (0.071) | 0.290 (0.072) | NA | NA | NA |
 Speed max count | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.03 | 2.35 (0.35) | 2.47 (0.42) |
 Path length ratio | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.037 | 1.19 (0.09) | 1.16 (0.070 |
Arm position matching: right | F(12, 372) = 0.977, p = 0.470 | NA | NA | F(12, 372) = 1.846, p = 0.040 | NA | NA |
 Contraction/expansion ratio X | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.023 | 0.922 (0.280) | 1.022 (0.270) |
 Contraction/expansion ratio Y | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.045 | 0.983 (0.102) | 1.014 (0.074) |
 Contraction/expansion ratio XY | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.009 | 0.919 (0.309) | 1.045 (0.299) |
 Shift Y | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.029 | −0.008 (0.019) | −0.014 (0.013) |
Arm position matching: left | F(12, 372) =1.603, p = 0.088 | NA | NA | F(12, 372) = 0.916, p = 0.531 | NA | NA |
 Object hit | F(13, 370) =3.657, p < 0.001 | NA | NA | F(13,370) = 5.678, p < 0.001 | NA | NA |
  Total hits | p < 0.001 | 152 (24) | 167 (22) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hits with L | p < 0.001 | 70 (14) | 77 (13) | p < 0.001 | 72 (13) | 82 (16) |
  Hits with R | p < 0.001 | 82 (15) | 90 (15) | p = 0.001 | 86 (15) | 78 (16) |
  Median error | p = 0.001 | 58 (3) | 59 (3) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hand speed L (m/s) | p = 0.005 | 0.229 (0.054) | 0.254 (0.059) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hand speed R (m/s) | p = 0.037 | 0.255 (0.062) | 0.235 (0.058) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hand speed bias | p = 0.001 | 0.052 (0.100) | −0.037 (0.110) | p < 0.001 | 0.052 (0.076) | −0.027 (0.092) |
  Movement area bias | p = 0.001 | 0.036 (0.101) | −0.024 (0.117) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hand bias hits | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.001 | 0.092 (0.093) | −0.027 (0.115) |
  Miss bias | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.004 | −0.002 (0.032) | 0.012 (0.029) |
  Hand transition | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.009 | −0.017 (0.032) | −0.003 (0.037) |
  Hand speed L (m/s) | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.003 | 0.302 (0.069) | 0.335 (0.077) |
  Movement area (m^2) | NA | NA | NA | p = 0.004 | 0.035 (0.077) | −0.001 (0.084) |
 Object hit & avoid | F(12, 372) =2.436, p = 0.005 | NA | NA | F(12, 372) = 4.506, p = 0.127 | NA | NA |
  Total hits | p < 0.001 | 102 (17) | 111 (18) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hits with L | p < 0.001 | 47 (10) | 52 (11) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hits with R | p < 0.001 | 55 (11) | 59 (11) | NA | NA | NA |
  Median error | p = 0.029 | 59 (5) | 60 (5) | NA | NA | NA |
  Hand speed L (m/s) | p = 0.014 | 0.226 (0.054) | 0.240 (0.055) | NA | NA | NA |
Trail making task B | F(4, 376) = 4.256, p = 0.002 | NA | NA | F(4, 376) =0.711, p = 0.585 | NA | NA |
 Test time (s) | p < 0.001 | 64 (21) | 56 (17) | NA | NA | NA |
 Dwell time (s) | p < 0.001 | 32 (11) | 28 (11) | NA | NA | NA |