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Table 4 Exploratory statistical analysis outcomes

From: Do children and adolescent ice hockey players with and without a history of concussion differ in robotic testing of sensory, motor and cognitive function?

KINARM robot tasks

Age group

Age group 10,11: mean (SD)

Age 12,13,14: mean (SD)

Handedness

Right: mean (SD)

Left: mean (SD)

Visually guided reach: right

F(10, 374) = 2.337, p = 0.011

NA

NA

F(10, 374) = 1.498, p = 0.138

NA

NA

 Reaction time (s)

p = 0.018

0.282 (0.097)

0.264 (0.030)

NA

NA

NA

 Initial direction error (rad)

p = 0.003

0.053 (0.024)

0.046 (0.021)

NA

NA

NA

 Initial distance ratio

p = 0.001

0.853 (0.098)

0.885 (0.073)

NA

NA

NA

 Initial speed ratio

p = 0.001

0.963 (0.040)

0.976 (0.029)

NA

NA

NA

 Speed max count

p = 0.004

2.60 (0.460

2.46 (0.495)

NA

NA

NA

 Movement time (s)

p < 0.001

1.111 (0.183)

1.044 (0.159)

NA

NA

NA

 Max speed (m/s)

p = 0.002

0.254 (0.071)

0.277 (0.067)

NA

NA

NA

Visually guided reach: left

F(10, 374) = 3.189, p = 0.001

NA

NA

F(10, 374) = 3.139, p = 0.001

NA

NA

 Reaction time (s)

p < 0.001

0.280 (0.037)

0.265 (0.031)

NA

NA

NA

 Initial direction error (rad)

p = 0.003

0.883 (0.067)

0.901 (0.043)

p = 0.008

0.049 (0.016)

0.043 (0.015)

 Movement time (s)

p = 0.006

1.069 (0.136)

1.031 (0.126)

NA

NA

NA

 Max speed (m/s)

p = 0.006

0.269 (0.071)

0.290 (0.072)

NA

NA

NA

 Speed max count

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.03

2.35 (0.35)

2.47 (0.42)

 Path length ratio

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.037

1.19 (0.09)

1.16 (0.070

Arm position matching: right

F(12, 372) = 0.977, p = 0.470

NA

NA

F(12, 372) = 1.846, p = 0.040

NA

NA

 Contraction/expansion ratio X

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.023

0.922 (0.280)

1.022 (0.270)

 Contraction/expansion ratio Y

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.045

0.983 (0.102)

1.014 (0.074)

 Contraction/expansion ratio XY

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.009

0.919 (0.309)

1.045 (0.299)

 Shift Y

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.029

−0.008 (0.019)

−0.014 (0.013)

Arm position matching: left

F(12, 372) =1.603, p = 0.088

NA

NA

F(12, 372) = 0.916, p = 0.531

NA

NA

 Object hit

F(13, 370) =3.657, p < 0.001

NA

NA

F(13,370) = 5.678, p < 0.001

NA

NA

  Total hits

p < 0.001

152 (24)

167 (22)

NA

NA

NA

  Hits with L

p < 0.001

70 (14)

77 (13)

p < 0.001

72 (13)

82 (16)

  Hits with R

p < 0.001

82 (15)

90 (15)

p = 0.001

86 (15)

78 (16)

  Median error

p = 0.001

58 (3)

59 (3)

NA

NA

NA

  Hand speed L (m/s)

p = 0.005

0.229 (0.054)

0.254 (0.059)

NA

NA

NA

  Hand speed R (m/s)

p = 0.037

0.255 (0.062)

0.235 (0.058)

NA

NA

NA

  Hand speed bias

p = 0.001

0.052 (0.100)

−0.037 (0.110)

p < 0.001

0.052 (0.076)

−0.027 (0.092)

  Movement area bias

p = 0.001

0.036 (0.101)

−0.024 (0.117)

NA

NA

NA

  Hand bias hits

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.001

0.092 (0.093)

−0.027 (0.115)

  Miss bias

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.004

−0.002 (0.032)

0.012 (0.029)

  Hand transition

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.009

−0.017 (0.032)

−0.003 (0.037)

  Hand speed L (m/s)

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.003

0.302 (0.069)

0.335 (0.077)

  Movement area (m^2)

NA

NA

NA

p = 0.004

0.035 (0.077)

−0.001 (0.084)

 Object hit & avoid

F(12, 372) =2.436, p = 0.005

NA

NA

F(12, 372) = 4.506, p = 0.127

NA

NA

  Total hits

p < 0.001

102 (17)

111 (18)

NA

NA

NA

  Hits with L

p < 0.001

47 (10)

52 (11)

NA

NA

NA

  Hits with R

p < 0.001

55 (11)

59 (11)

NA

NA

NA

  Median error

p = 0.029

59 (5)

60 (5)

NA

NA

NA

  Hand speed L (m/s)

p = 0.014

0.226 (0.054)

0.240 (0.055)

NA

NA

NA

Trail making task B

F(4, 376) = 4.256, p = 0.002

NA

NA

F(4, 376) =0.711, p = 0.585

NA

NA

 Test time (s)

p < 0.001

64 (21)

56 (17)

NA

NA

NA

 Dwell time (s)

p < 0.001

32 (11)

28 (11)

NA

NA

NA

  1. Secondary exploratory analysis using separate MANOVAs for 1) Age Groups (Age 10 & 11 versus Age 12, 13, & 14) and 2) Handedness (Right versus Left) across all five KINARM tasks; mean parameter values are presented for those which were found to be statistically significant (NA not applicable)