Table 6 Parameter reference range for healthy controls versus children with concussion history
Visually guided reach | Reference range: R | History of concussion parameter means: R (Std) | Reference range: L | History of concussion parameter means: L (Std) |
 Posture speed (m/s) | 0.00074–0.00562 | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.00105–0.00625 | 0.004 (0.002) |
 Reaction time (s) | 0.207–0.332 | 0.265 (0.031) | 0.214–0.330 | 0.269 (0.035) |
 Initial direction error (rad) | 0.0197–0.0887 | 0.048 (0.019) | 0.01972–0.0792 | 0.047 (0.014) |
 Initial distance ratio | 0.6771–1 | 0.867 (0.09) | 0.8258–1 | 0.885 (0.076) |
 Initial speed ratio | 0.9044–1 | 0.969 (0.029) | 0.9182–1 | 0.972 (0.031) |
 Speed maxima count | 1.5526–3.2000 | 2.550 (0.487) | 1.525–2.974 | 2.374 (0.380) |
 Minimum maximum speed difference (m/s) | 0.00503–0.0330 | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.00531–0.03428 | 0.018 (0.009) |
 Movement time (s) | 0.7665–1.388 | 1.097 (0.192) | 0.694–1.297 | 1.064 (0.134) |
 Path length ratio | 1.0422–1.2892 | 1.152 (0.071) | 1.0511–1.3345 | 1.181 (0.095) |
 Max speed (m/s) | 0.16405–0.52206 | 0.258 (0.074) | 0.1856–0.6092 | 0.269 (0.080) |
Arm position matching | Reference range | History of concussion parameter means: R (Std) | Reference range | History of concussion parameter means: L (Std) |
 Variability X (m) | 0.0139–0.0861 | 0.047(0.028) | 0.0163–0.1017 | 0.042(0.027) |
 Variability Y (m) | 0.0058–0.0287 | 0.019(0.010) | 0.0075–0.0331 | 0.017(0.008) |
 Variability XY (m) | 0.0178–0.08892 | 0.052 (0.028) | 0.0189–0.1060 | 0.045 (0.027) |
 Contraction/expansion ratio X | 0.2313–1.300 | 0.913(0.312) | 0.1979–1.3720 | 0.952(0.233) |
 Contraction/expansion ratio Y | 0.7658–1.1623 | 0.983(0.130) | 0.8136–1.1636 | 0.976(0.119) |
 Contraction/expansion ratio XY | 0.2489–1.4161 | 0.918 (0.353) | 0.1601–1.4422 | 0.944 (0.278) |
 Shift X (m) | −0.1200–0.0596 | −0.030(0.059) | −0.123–0.052 | −0.022(0.067) |
 Shift Y (m) | −0.0377–0.02391 | −0.006(0.022) | −0.03992–0.01962 | −0.009(0.018) |
 Shift XY (m) | 0.00866–0.29611 | 0.052 (0.046) | 0.01205–0.2531 | 0.050 (0.053) |
 Absolute Error X | 0.0135–0.1655 | 0.067(0.040) | 0.0187–0.1659 | 0.063(0.059) |
 Absolute Error Y | 0.0061–0.0372 | 0.024(0.015) | 0.0076–0.0399 | 0.022(0.016) |
 Absolute Error XY | 0.02033–0.16927 | 0.076 (0.050) | 0.0259–0.1698 | 0.071 (0.060) |
Object hit | Reference range | History of concussion parameter means (Std) | NA | NA |
 Total hits | 120–216 | 160 (27) | NA | NA |
 Hits with left | 50–116 | 72 (14) | NA | NA |
 Hit with right | 62–118 | 88 (18) | NA | NA |
 Hand bias hits | −0.1579–0.2814 | 0.096 (0.107) | NA | NA |
 Miss bias | −0.0556–0.0665 | −0.006 (0.034) | NA | NA |
 Hand transition | −0.0764–0.0504 | −0.016 (0.033) | NA | NA |
 Hand selection overlap | 0.0779–0.3009 | 0.151 (0.042) | NA | NA |
 Median error | 50–63 | 59 (3) | NA | NA |
 Hand speed L (m/s) | 0.2073–0.5849 | 0.299 (0.069) | NA | NA |
 Hand speed R (m/s) | 0.2330–0.5848 | 0.335 (0.086) | NA | NA |
 Hand speed bias | −0.1545–0.2024 | 0.052 (0.82) | NA | NA |
 Movement area L (m^2) | 0.0871–0.2021 | 0.127 (0.029) | NA | NA |
 Movement area R (m^2) | 0.0951–0.2155 | 0.139 (0.031) | NA | NA |
 Movement area bias | −0.1163–0.3828 | 0.044 (0.076) | NA | NA |
Object hit & avoid | Reference range | History of concussion parameter means (Std) | NA | NA |
 Total hits | 77–159 | 108 (19) | NA | NA |
 Hits with left | 31–74 | 51 (10) | NA | NA |
 Hit with right | 39–88 | 57 (12) | NA | NA |
 Miss bias | −0.0667–0.0664 | 0.006 (0.033) | NA | NA |
 Hand transition | −0.0923–0.0528 | −0.020 (0.037) | NA | NA |
 Hand selection overlap | 0.0430–0.2344 | 0.104 (0.039) | NA | NA |
 Median error | 43–67 | 60 (6) | NA | NA |
 Hand speed L (m/s) | 0.1469–0.4088 | 0.236 (0.053) | NA | NA |
 Hand speed R (m/s) | 0.1506–0.4443 | 0.253 (0.066) | NA | NA |
 Movement area L (m^2) | 0.0797–0.1933 | 0.120 (0.028) | NA | NA |
 Movement area R (m^2) | 0.0866–0.2112 | 0.125 (0.029) | NA | NA |
 Distractor hits L | 0–16 | 7 (4) | NA | NA |
 Distractor hits R | 0–16 | 7 (5) | NA | NA |
 Distractor hits total | 0–31 | 14 (9) | NA | NA |
Trail Making B | Reference range | History of concussion parameter means (Std) | NA | NA |
 Total time (s) | 24–92 | 60 (21) | NA | NA |
 Dwell time (s) | 9–49 | 30 (11) | NA | NA |
 Time ratio | 0.3551–1.7837 | 1.1 (0.43) | NA | NA |
 Error count | 0–6 | 2 (2) | NA | NA |