Global cognitive function and processing speed are associated with gait and balance dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease

Pal, Gian; O’Keefe, Joan; Robertson-Dick, Erin; Bernard, Bryan; Anderson, Sharlet; Hall, Deborah

doi:10.1186/s12984-016-0205-y

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Table 4 Correlation of Gait and Balance Domains with Specific Cognitive Domains^a

From: Global cognitive function and processing speed are associated with gait and balance dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease

	Language		Verbal Memory – Immediate		Verbal Memory – Delayed		Processing Speed		Working Memory		Executive Function
	COWAT [51]		RAVLT Trial 5 [52, 53]		RAVLT Delayed Recall [52, 53]		SDMT [54]		ACT [55, 56]		TOL [57]
	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p
Gait – pace
Gait cycle time, sec	−0.624	0.040	−0.402	0.221	−0.291	0.385	−0.573	0.083	−0.219	0.571	0.256	0.507
Cadence, steps/min	0.574	0.065	0.420	0.198	0.291	0.385	0.530	0.115	0.310	0.416	−0.183	0.638
Stride velocity, %h/s	0.492	0.124	0.525	0.097	0.517	0.103	0.744	0.014	0.529	0.143	0.146	0.708
Stride length, %h	0.091	0.790	0.388	0.238	0.467	0.148	0.585	0.075	0.785	0.012	0.602	0.086
RoM leg, deg	0.091	0.790	0.388	0.238	0.467	0.148	0.585	0.075	0.785	0.012	0.602	0.086
Gait – arm & trunk Movement
Arm peak velocity, deg/s	0.374	0.258	0.370	0.263	0.342	0.304	0.744	0.014	0.347	0.360	0.091	0.815
Arm swing RoM, deg	−0.469	0.145	−0.498	0.119	−0.199	0.558	0.085	0.815	−0.183	0.638	−0.018	0.963
Asymmetry arm swing RoM, %	−0.542	0.085	−0.438	0.177	−0.231	0.494	−0.311	0.382	−0.237	0.539	−0.146	0.708
ROM trunk frontal plane, deg	−0.287	0.392	0.128	0.708	0.217	0.521	0.335	0.343	0.639	0.064	0.475	0.197
RoM trunk sagittal plane, deg	0.082	0.811	−0.096	0.779	0.000	1.000	0.598	0.068	0.347	0.360	0.110	0.779
RoM trunk horizontal plane, deg	−0.369	0.264	−0.233	0.491	−0.037	0.914	0.024	0.947	0.091	0.815	0.183	0.638
Gait – Dynamic Stability
Double support time, % of gait cycle	−0.292	0.384	−0.324	0.331	−0.393	0.232	−0.378	0.281	−0.548	0.127	−0.420	0.260
Stance time, % of gait cycle	−0.292	0.384	−0.324	0.331	−0.393	0.232	−0.378	0.281	−0.548	0.127	−0.420	0.260
Turning
Peak velocity, deg/s	0.273	0.416	0.548	0.065	0.542	0.069	0.732	0.016	0.649	0.042	0.389	0.266
Duration, sec	−0.597	0.053	−0.643	0.024	−0.712	0.009	−0.884	0.001	−0.621	0.055	−0.362	0.304
Mean step time, sec	−0.433	0.184	−0.119	0.728	0.032	0.925	−0.354	0.316	−0.164	0.673	0.347	0.360
Number of steps, n	−0.409	0.212	−0.700	0.016	−0.400	0.198	−0.954	<0.001	−0.803	0.009	−0.566	0.112
Postural sway
Sway RMS AP, m/s²	−0.410	0.210	−0.366	0.243	−0.400	0.198	−0.220	0.542	−0.382	0.276	−0.464	0.176
Sway RMS ML, m/s²	−0.255	0.449	−0.443	0.149	−0.556	0.061	−0.122	0.737	−0.580	0.079	−0.580	0.079
Mean velocity AP, m/s	−0.059	0.863	−0.460	0.132	−0.025	0.939	−0.085	0.815	0.096	0.793	0.096	0.793
Mean velocity ML, m/s	−0.410	0.210	−0.633	0.027	−0.609	0.036	−0.256	0.475	−0.574	0.083	−0.437	0.207
Centroidal frequency AP, Hz	−0.027	0.936	−0.341	0.278	−0.513	0.088	0.061	0.867	−0.615	0.059	−0.737	0.015
Centroidal frequency ML, Hz	0.077	0.821	−0.429	0.164	−0.517	0.085	0.091	0.802	−0.362	0.304	−0.608	0.062

^aBolded measures indicate measures that remained significant after False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction
Controlled Oral Word Association Test [51], Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) [52, 53], Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) [54], Auditory Consonant Trigrams (ACT) [55, 56], Tower of London (TOL) [57]

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ISSN: 1743-0003

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