Table 5 Gait and balance domains with the corresponding instrumented measures [11]
Instrumented Measure | Unit of Measure | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Gait–pace | Pace during straight ahead walking | |
Gait cycle time | s | Duration of a complete gait cycle |
Cadence | steps/min | Stepping rate |
Stride velocity | %h/s | Average gait speed normalized for height |
Stride length | %h | Distance between 2 consecutive heel-strikes normalized for height |
RoM leg | ° | Range of motion (RoM) of the leg (calculated from the integrated sagittal angular velocity, approximation of step length) Average of the left and right sides |
Gait–arm & trunk movement | Arm and trunk movement during straight-ahead walking | |
Arm peak velocity | °/s | Peak (95 %) angular velocity of most affected arm |
Arm swing RoM | ° | Range of motion of most affected arm during arm swing |
Asymmetry arm swing RoM | % | Average asymmetry of left and right arm swing range of motion |
RoM trunk frontal plane | ° | Average range of motion of trunk in frontal plane |
RoM trunk sagittal plane | ° | Average range of motion of trunk in sagittal plane |
RoM trunk horizontal plane | ° | Average range of motion of trunk in horizontal plane |
Gait–dynamic stability | Dynamic stability during straight-ahead walking | |
Double support time | % of gait cycle | Percentage of a gait cycle that both feet are on the ground |
Stance time | % of gait cycle | Average percentage of a gait cycle that either foot is on the ground |
Swing time | % of gait cycle | Average percentage of a gait cycle that either foot is off the ground |
Turning | 180° turn | |
Peak velocity | °/s | Peak (95 %) angular velocity of trunk during turning |
Duration | s | Duration of a 180° turn |
Mean step time | s | Average duration of step during 180° turn |
Number of steps | n | Total number of steps during 180° turn |
Postural sway | Standing quietly for 30 s | |
Sway RMS AP | m/s2 | Root mean square (RMS) of acceleration time series in anteroposterior (AP) direction |
Sway RMS ML | m/s2 | Root mean square of acceleration time series in mediolateral (ML) direction |
Mean velocity AP | m/s | Mean velocity of center of pressure in anteroposterior direction |
Mean velocity ML | m/s | Mean velocity of center of pressure in mediolateral direction |
Centroidal frequency AP | Hz | Centroidal frequency in anteroposterior direction; variability of the acceleration traces power ranging from 0 to 1 |
Centroidal frequency ML | Hz | Centroidal frequency in mediolateral direction; variability of the acceleration traces power ranging from 0 to 1 |