From: Interactive wearable systems for upper body rehabilitation: a systematic review
Reference | Technology (n) | Placement | Feedback | Evaluation | Wearability | Measurement &Rehabilitation Purpose | Target population | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee et al. 2010; [37] | Accel (n = 2) | Upper arm, Forearm | KP | Concurrent; Kinematic rendering of upper extremity. | VR | Tech. | Accuracy experiment on rotary stage and comparison experiment with goniometer (n = 1) | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General rehabilitation (arm) |
Kapur et al. 2010; [38] | Magnetometer (n = 3) | Wrist, Elbow, Clavicle | KP, KR | Concurrent; Kinematic rendering of upper extremity, Vibration for movement direction; Prescriptive KP FB; | VR; Vibrotactile FB | None | N/A | Full-body Suit; Embedded, normal wire; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
Luo et al. 2010; [39] | OLE (6), IMU (n = 2) | Upper arm, Elbow, Wrist, Finger | KR | Concurrent; VR game based on Kinematic rendering of upper extremity and hand, Sound FB. | VR (game); Auditory FB | Tech. | Reliability Test (n = 5); | Arm Suit & Glove; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
Wang et al. 2010; [40] | Accel (up to 8), | Upper arm, Elbow, Wrist | KP, KR | Concurrent; Movement curve of each sensor node, Video of patient’s training. | Visual FB (PC, PDA) | Usab. | Pre-clinical evaluation trial on patients (n = 2) | Strapped with Fabric bands; Attachable; | Speed & Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Ligament injury, Hemiplegic rehabilitation |
Wai et al. 2010; [41] | IRIS mote (accel & gyro) | Upper arm Forearm | KP, KR | Concurrent; Kinematic rendering of body, Sensor Reading. | Visual FB (PC) | Tech. | Accuracy measurement on subject | Based on straps; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | General rehabilitation |
Dunne et al. 2010; [42] | Accel (n = 1) | Chest | KR | Concurrent; Game score based on trunk posture, BW FB on trunk compensatory movement. | Visual FB (Multi-Touch Display, game) | None | N/A | Portable device, Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Cerebral palsy children |
Timmermans et al. 2010; [4] | IMU (n = 3) | Chest, Upper arm, Forearm | KP, KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Gauge represents real-time joint angle, Avatar animation of upper body, Movement parameters score, etc.; | Visual FB (PC) | Usab. Clini. | Clinical evaluation (n =9) | Garment on torso & Strap on arm; Attachable; | ROM & Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve performance of ADL skills. | Stroke |
Harms et al. 2010; [43] | Accel (n = 2) | Forearm, Upper arm | KP | Concurrent; Avatar animation of upper body; | Visual FB | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 5) | Embedded into a wearable garment; Embedded; | ROM; Improve posture; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (Shoulder and Elbow) |
Markopoulos et al. 2011; [44] | Accel (n = 2) | Wrist | KR | Terminal; Summary FB of arm use; | Visual FB (Watch-like device) | Usab. | Preclinical & Usability Test on real patients (n = 9) | Watch-like device; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Overcome learned non-use; Improve performance of ADL skills. | Stroke |
Moya et al. 2011; [45] | IMU (n = 4) | Back, Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist | KP KR | Concurrent; Avatar animation of bodyand arm movement, Sphere animation for trajectory indication, Repetition number, progress bar; Prescriptive; | VR (game) | Usab. | Preclinical & Usability Test (n = 23 therapists) | Special garment fixes sensor with Velcro; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
Nguyen et al. 2011; [46] | OLE, Accel | Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist | KP | Concurrent; Kinematic model of upper arm and forearm; Prescriptive KP; | VR | Tech. | Comparison experiments for accuracy andperformance (n = 3); Repeatability and Reliability test (n = 5) | Fabric sensor package with Velcro strap; Embedded; | ROM;Improve active joint range of motion; | Stroke |
Ambar et al. 2012; [48] | Flex sensor, Accel | Elbow, Forearm, Wrist | KR | Terminal; The number of the arm bent movement; | Visual FB (LCD) | Tech. | 1, sensor performance report; 2, Comparison Experiment of FSRs and EMG; 3, ACC measurement activity. | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Improve performance of ADL skills. | Stroke |
Alankus et al. 2012; [49] | Accel (Wii built-in, n = 2) | Back, Upper arm | KR | Concurrent; Game result based on both trunk and arm movement; BW FB for trunk and arm compensatory movement; | Screen Visual FB (PC game); Auditory FB | Tech. Usab. | Validation Test on normal people (n = 2); Preclinical & Usability Test on patients (n = 11) | Harness with straps around the neck, armband; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Stroke |
Delbressine et al. 2012; [3] | Accel (n = 2) | Back, Shoulder | KR | Concurrent; BW FB on trunk or shoulder compensatory movement with vibration; | Visual FB (Touchscreen) | Usab. | Preclinical & Usability Test on patients (n = 7) | Vest; Attachable; pocket | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture; Improve performance of ADL; | Stroke |
Jeong et al. 2012; [50] | Accel (n = 1) | Wrist | KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Speed, count, time of cycling movement; | Visual FB (PC) | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 7) | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | Amount of Use & Speed; Encourage arm hand use; Motivate exercise performance; | General Rehabilitation (arm) |
Myllymaa et al. 2012; [51] | Accel (n = 1) | Arm | KP | Concurrent; Motion instruction; Prescriptive KP FB; | Vibrotactile FB, | None | N/A | Strapped with band; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Improve muscle strength; | General Rehabilitation (arm) |
Ding et al. 2013; [52] | IMU (n = 2) | Forearm, Upper arm | KP, KR | Concurrent; Indication of movement direction for upper extremity; BW FB for the reference position; Prescriptive KP FB; | Vibrotactile FB | Tech. | Accuracy test on subjects (n = 5) | Strapped with Velcro; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Stroke |
Saggio et al. 2013; [53] | Flex sensor (n = 5) | Finger, Palm | KP | Concurrent; Hand avatar; | Visual FB (PC) | Tech. Usab. | Repeatability and reliability test on normal people (n = 6); Usability test on normal people (n = 6) | Glove;Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (hand) |
Spina et al. 2013; [54] | IMU (Smartphone built in) | Limb segment | KR KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Teach mode and Train mode; Error notification, repetition number, motion speed; Prescriptive KP; | Visual FB (Smartphone); Auditory FB | Usab. | Usability test on normal people (n = 4) and patients (n = 7) | Strapped with holster; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | COPD (Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease rehabilitation) |
Bleser et al. 2013; [55] | IMU (up to 10) | Chest, Upper arm, Forearm, Pelvis | KR KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Movement Error notification and correction FB; Training time, repetition number, progress bar; Descriptive; | Visual FB (Television screen); Auditory FB | Tech. Usab. | Technical evaluation based on therapy ground truth (n = 7) Clinical evaluation focusing on usability and acceptance on patients (n = 30) | Based on Velcro straps and elastic silicon; Attachable; | ROM & Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve movement performance; | General Rehabilitation; |
Daponte et al. 2013; [56] | IMU (>2) | Limb segment (Upper arm, Forearm) | KP | Concurrent; Avatar animation of arm movement, Real-time joint angle & ROM value; | VR | Tech. | Function validation test (n = 1) | Velcro based Sleevelet units; Embedded; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation; |
Luster et al. 2013; [57] | Accel (n = 2), | Wrist | KR | Concurrent; BW FB on impaired arm use; | Vibrotactile FB, | Usab. | Usability test of vibration Feedback, Stroke patients (n = 4) | Wristband; Embedded; | Amount of Use; Overcome learned non-use; | Stroke |
Bhomer et al.[58], 2013; | Stretch sensing fabric | Arm, low back | KP | Concurrent; Sound FB matched the arm and low back movement, Movement region indication; | Visual FB (Smartphone); Auditory FB | Usab. | Usability test with therapist and patients | Knitted garment; Integrated; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | Alzheimer |
Friedman et al. 2014; [47] | Electrical lead (n = 6) | Finger | KR | Concurrent; Game result based on finger pinch and grasp motion; | Screen Visual FB (PC game); Auditory FB | Usab. Randomized Clic. | Usability test with storke patients (n = 10) Randomized clinical trial with stroke patients (n = 12). | Glove; Integrated; | Body Segment Posture; Improve coordination; Improve performance of ADL skills. | Stroke |
Ferreira et al. 2014; [59] | IMU (Smartphone built-in) | Wrist | KR | Concurrent; Game results on arm movement performance; | Visual FB (Smartphone game) | Tech. Usab. | Accuracy measurement on structure, Usability of the system on patients (n = 1) | Wristband; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
Fortino et al. 2014; [60] | Accel (n = 2) | Upper arm, Elbow | KP, KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Kinematic rendering of limb bending movementperformance, Improvement index data; Descriptive; | Visual FB (Smartphone) | Tech. | Estimation accuracy on normal subject (n = 1) | Elastic bracelets; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (arm) |
Panchanathan et al. 2014; [61] | IMU (n > 1) | Upper arm, Forearm | KP | Concurrent; Vibration instruction for position and speed error; | Vibrotactile FB | Usab. | Usability test withnormal people (n = 16) | Sleeve; Embedded; Conductive ribbon | Body Segment Posture & Speed; Improve movement performance; | General Rehabilitation(arm) |
Rahman et al. 2014; [62] | LDR sensor | Hand | KR | Terminal; Game score on arm movement; | VR (game) | Tech. | Accuracy and sensitivity test on normal people (n = 2) | Fabric Glove; Embedded; Normal wire | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Cerebral Palsy |
Salim et al. 2014; [63] | Tilt sensor (n = 2) | Hand | KP | Concurrent; Indication of arm movement direction; | Visual FB (Smartphone) | Tech. | Pilot experiment (n = 1) | Fabric Glove; Embedded; Normal wire | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
Friedman et al. 2014; [64] | Magnetometer (n = 2), Accel (n = 1) | Wrist, finger | KP | Concurrent; Amount of use of wrist and finger; | Visual FB (Tablet) | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal peoplev (n = 7) | Watch-like device, ring; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Encourage arm hand use; Motivate exercise performance; | General Rehabilitation (hand) |
Parker et al. 2014; [65] | IMU (n = 3) | Chest, Upper arm, Wrist | KP, KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Characteristics and results of performance by avatar presentation and charts; Prescriptive; | Visual FB (PC) | Usab. | Home-based on usability test on real patients (n = 5) | Garment on torso & Strap on arm; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve performance of ADL skills; | Stroke |
Halic et al. 2014; [66] | Flex sensor (n = 5), | Finger | KP, KR | Concurrent; Avatar presentation, Game score; | Visual Game (Smartphone) | Usab. | Usability test with normal people (n = 46) | Glove; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | General Rehabilitation (hand and wrist) |
Tsekleves et al. 2014; [67] | IMU (Wii plus built-in, n = 2) | Upper arm, Forearm | KR, KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Avatar presentation, game score, ROM value; | VR (game) | Tech. Usab. Clic. | Accuracy test on structure; Usability test with stroke patients (n = 3); Small Clinical trial (n = 1) | Based on strips; Attachable; | Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve movement performance; | Stroke |
Moreira et al. 2014; [68] | IMU (n = 11) | Finger, Palm | KP | 3d hand model animation, | VR | Tech. | Accuracy test with structure; Reliability evaluation on normal people (n = 1); | Glove; Embedded; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation (hand) |
O’Flynn et al. 2015; [69] | IMU (n = 16) | Finger, Palm | KR,KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Movement error summary; 3d hand model animation, dynamic movement value& analysis; | VR | Tech. | Comparison accuracy test on structure. | N/A | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | Arthritis Rehabiliation |
Hermanis et al. 2015; [70] | IMU (up to 200) | Back | KP | Concurrent; 3D rendering surface showing the current posture of back or limb; | Visual FB (Smartphone, Tablet or PC) | None | N/A | Sensing fabric based on sensor grids; Embedded; normal wire | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture; | Bones trauma or General Rehabilitation |
Holden et al. 2015 [71] | Accel (n = 2) | Wrist | KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Training notification; | Visual FB (Watch-like device); Vibrotactile FB; | Usab. | Usability test on patients (n = 7) | Watch-like device; Attachable; | Amount of Use; Encourage arm hand use; | Stroke |
Ongvisatepaiboon et al. 2015; [72] | Accel (Smartphone built-in) | Elbow | KP, KR | Concurrent & Terminal; Shoulder joint angle value, repetition number; | Visual FB (Smartphone) | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 1) | Armband; Attachable | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Frozen shoulder rehabilitation |
Lee et al. 2015; [73] | Accel (n = 1) | Back | KR | Concurrent; BW FB of unbalance error; | Visual FB (Smartphone); Vibrotactile FB | None | N/A | Based on strips; Embedded, normal wire | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture; | General Rehabilitation |
Rahman et al. 2015; [74] | Accel (n = 1) | Upper arm | KR | Concurrent; Successful repetition number; | Visual FB (Smartphone Game); | Tech. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 5) | Based on strips; Attachable | Body Segment Posture; Improve movement performance; | Spinal cord injury |
Klaassen et al. 2015; [75] | IMU (n = 8), KPF strain (n = 2), KPF goniometer, | Chest, Upper arm, Forearm, Spine, Hand | KR,KP | Terminal; Range of motion value of body segments; Reaching performance; 3D full body reconstruction; | Visual FB; | Usab. | Usability test on normal people. | Shirt and glove; Integrated; Embedded; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | Stroke |
Wang et al. 2016; [76] | IMU (n = 3) | Back, Shoulder | KR | Concurrent; Torso and shoulder movement value; BW FB on compensatory movement of torso or shoulder; | Visual FB (Smartphone); Vibrotactile FB; Auditory FB | Tech. Usab. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 7) Usability test on patients (n = 8) | Embedded into a wearable garment; Embedded; conductive yarn | Body Segment Posture; Improve posture and movement performance; | Stroke, shoulder pain |
Bittel et al. 2016; [77] | Accel (Smartphone built-in) | Arm | KP | Concurrent & Terminal; Angular movement error; | Visual FB (Smartphone) | Tech. | Accuracy and precision test (Comparison experiment with Biodex isokinetic dynamometer) | N/A; Attachable | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; | General Rehabilitation |
Newbold et al. 2016; [78] | IMU (Smartphone built-in) | Low back | KP | Concurrent; Sinification based on stretch forward movement; | Auditory FB | Usab. | Usability test on normal people (n = 21); | Strapped with band; Attachable; | ROM; Improve active joint range of motion; Reduce pain; | Chronic pain rehabilitation |
Ploderer et al. 2016; [79] | IMU (n = 3) | Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist | KP, KR | Terminal; Movement quality, joint ROM value and arm movement heat map; Exercise time and movements number; | Visual FB (PC) | Tech. Usab. | Accuracy test on normal people (n = 1); Usability test on therapists (n = 8) | Based on Velcro straps; Attachable; | ROM & Body Segment Posture; Improve active joint range of motion; Improve posture and movement performance; | Stroke |