Fig. 4

Primary experimental findings. a Plot showing the variability (i.e., standard deviation V; units: [N]) of the threshold plotted vs. mean threshold (TH; units: [N]). neurologically intact control group (NIC); hemiparetic stroke survivors with intact proprioception (HSS+P); hemiparetic stroke survivors without intact proprioception (HSS-P). The NIC participants are represented by circles and subdivided into four groups based on age: blue circles are younger participants (n = 9; age range: 18–31 year; 24 ± 5 year), green circles are the middle-young participants (n = 6; age range 36–49 year; 42 ± 5 year), red circles are the middle-old participants (n = 5; age range 55–63 year; 60 ± 3 year), and purple circles are the older participants (n = 5; age range 70–87 year; 80 ± 7 year). The HSS+P group is represented by gray triangles pointing up and the HSS-P group is represented by black triangles pointing down. Each group has one “hollow” marker denoting that those participants’ data are represented in Fig. 3. Iso-likelihood lines show several difference confidence bounds for likelihood of normal proprioceptive sensation. The darkest line is the 0.01% iso-likelihood line (chance of missing a participant who has normal proprioception), the next line is the 0.1% then 1.0%, 5%, and 25%. b Group average Proprioceptive Acuity Score (PAS) with group error bars (± 1 SEM). Scores for the NIC, HSS+P and HSS-P groups. PAS is a measure of the distance of a point from “normal” performance, as defined using NIC performance data (see Methods). Red bars indicate that the members of the HSS-P group had significantly greater PAS than the members of the other two groups