From: Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices
Biomarker | Stability | Invasiveness degree | Capability to merge stimulation/recording electrodes | Patient friendliness | Spatial resolution | Applied diseases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuro-electrophysiological biomarkers | ||||||
 EEG potentials | High noise and artifacts sensitivity | Non-invasive | No, needs separate recording and stimulation electrodes | No damage to the head | Poor, ~3–9 cm [38] | PD [29] |
 ECoG potentials | Moderate noise and artifacts sensitivity | Least invasive | No, needs separate recording and stimulation electrodes | Minor damages to the skull and Dura matter | Moderate, ~0.5 cm [38] | PD and Epilepsy [23] |
 LFP potentials | Long-term stability [48] | Invasive | Yes, same recording and stimulation electrode [84] | Some neuronal and vasculature damages | High, ~1 mm [38] | |
 AP potentials | Need recalibration for good stability [44], less practical for long-term sue | Most invasive | No, needs separate recording and stimulation electrodes | Extra neuronal and vasculature damages | Very High, ~0.2 mm [38] | PD [2] |
Other biomarkers | ||||||
 EMG potentials | High noise and artifacts sensitivity | No, needs separate recording and stimulation electrodes | No damage to the head | Poor [150] | ||
 Biochemical potentials | Require short time for stabilization of carbon-fiber micro-electrode during recording [45] | Invasive | No, needs separate recording and stimulation electrodes [151] | Some neuronal and vasculature damages | High [152] |