Table 2 A comparison of the features of the existing closed-loop DBS devices

LFPs/ECoG

LFPs and APs

LFPs and APs

LFPs

LFPs

LFPs

FSCV

EEG/ECoG

Epilepsy

PD

PD

No special disorder, for behavioral analysis on rodents

PD

A generic design (no in-vivo validation)

PD

Epilepsy

1

8

4

4

1

4

2

64

Amplitude, by support vector machine algorithm

Amplitude, P-W, and frequency

Pulse amplitude using spikes discrimination algorithm

On-demand, DBS ON and DBS OFF commands by PSD calculations

On demand, ON-OFF operation, Evodopa-induced modulations of the LFP beta was used to control the stimulation parameters

Amplitude by LFP energy calculation using a programmable

PI-controller

Triangle wave scanning between −0.4 and 1.5 V at a scan rate of either 400 or 1000 V/s, to monitor changes in dopamine

Based on a high-efficacy signal processing algorithm, abnormal phase synchrony triggers

the biphasic

stimulations

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NS

Yes

NS

NS

5.29 μV_rms

3.12 μV_rms

NS

NS

6.3 μV_rms

NA

5.1 μV_rms

NS

NS

2.68

NS

NS

3.76

NA

4.4

>80 dB

NS

>56 dB

NS

>100 dB

NS

NA

75 dB

-

44 dB

~ 52–66 dB

520 linear

80 dB

54 dB

NA

54–60 dB

dc-8 to 500 Hz

0.5 Hz – 10 kHz

1.1 Hz – 10 k Hz

1.5–100 Hz

2–40 Hz

0.64 Hz-6 kHz

NA

1 Hz-5 kHz

100 μW per channel

9 μW per channel

26.9 μW per channel

NS

NS

245 μW

NS

10 μW/channel, 1.4 mW P-D

CV

CC

CC

CC

CV

CC

CV and CC

CC

A: 0–3.5 V,

P-W: 90 μs,

F: 120 Hz

(Activa PC DBS was used)

A: 99 μA default (max 135 μA), P-W: 5–320 μs in 5 μs steps, F: 31 Hz to 1 kHz (130 Hz default)

A: 0–95 μA (anodic) and 0–32 μA (cathodic),

P-W: 0–240 μs (anodic) and 0–720 μs (cathodic)

A: 100 μA, P-W: 10 μS–500 mS (200 μS default), F: 0.1 Hz–5 KHz (130 Hz default)

A: 2.2 V, F: 130 Hz, P-W: 60 μs (max 200 μs)

General channels: A: 0–116 μA, P-W: 1 ms, P: 65 ms.

High-current channels: A: 0–4.2 mA, P-W: 1 ms, P: 65 ms.

A: 50 mV-10 V in VRM and 10 μA-10 mA in CRM, P-W: 50 μs-2 ms, F: 30–120 Hz

A: 0.1–1.2 mA, F: 1–200 Hz,

P-W: 40–1000 μs.

Biphasic, passive charge-balanced

Biphasic, passive charge-balanced

Can be either active or passive charge-balanced, user selects

Monophasic, charge-imbalanced

Biphasic, asymmetric charge-balanced

Biphasic, symmetric charge-balanced

Can be either monophasic or biphasic, asymmetrically balanced

Biphasic, symmetric charge-balanced

8 for bilateral stimulation

64

4

2

1

6 general-purpose and 2 high-current

4

64

Linear

8-bit log pipeline logarithmic

10-bit SAR ADCs

16-bit

12-bit ADC

logarithmic

10-bit ADC

7.6-bit SAR ADC

NS

NS

6-bit resolution

16-bit

NS

6-bit resolution

NS

8-bit

422 Hz

200 kS/s

35.7 kS/s/ch

500 Hz

NS

100 kS/s

100 kS/s

Up to 100 kS/s

NS

7.4 μW per channel

NS

NS

NS

138 μW

NS

1.5 mW P-D

NS

68 h (923 h) in configuration (stimulation-only operation) mode

NS

6–8 h (recording), 50 h (stimulation)

NS

NS

When fully charged: at least 3 h continuous operation

NS

NS

89 μW in normal and 271 μW in configuration modes

375 μW

20 mA average current consumption

NS

468 μW

NS

NS

39 cm³

19 mm × 27 mm, 0.18 μm CMOS 2.7 mm²

10.9 mm² SoC

28 mm × 17 mm × 7 mm

12 cm × 7 cm × 2.5 cm

2 mm × 2 mm, 180 nm CMOS

NS

4 mm × 3 mm, 0.13 μm CMOS

NS

NS

NS

8.5 g

150 g

NS

NS

NS

1.7–2.2 V

1.8 V

1.5 V

3 V

Two 1.5 V type AA batteries

5 V

rechargeable 740-mAh lithium-polymer battery

1.2 V recording and 3.3 V stimulation boards

Fully Implantable, telemetry ability

-

Converting extracellular spikes to electrical stimulations, data telemetry

wireless system, reliable transmission of data across 3–5 m distances

It is an external portable a DBS device

With wireless telemetry and wireless power management

Wirelessly controlled

Ultra-wideband wireless neural vector analyzer