Fig. 14

Illustration of the prediction of individual muscle forces using an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. In this example, the directly measured soleus forces (solid trace) in a freely moving cat are predicted (dashed trace) solely based on EMG patterns during walking. The ANN was trained with input of soleus force and EMG obtained from another cat. The force predictions are among the best dynamic and submaximal force predictions ever published but they provide little insight into how these forces are controlled and how they are achieved