Muscle force distribution of the lower limbs during walking in diabetic individuals with and without polyneuropathy

Table 2 Hip muscle’s peak force values (mean ± standard deviation) normalized by body weight (BW) of diabetic neuropathy (DNG), diabetic (DG) and control (CG) groups during the gait cycle

Muscles (% Gait Cycle)		Force Peak (% BW)
Muscles (% Gait Cycle)		CG¹ (n=10)	DG² (n=10)	DNG³ (n=12)	p Wilks’ Lambda^*	dCohen	p ^†
Hip Flexors	Psoas (40 – 60%)	134.5 ±36.8^a	140.7 ±26.0^b	156.1 ±30.6^a,b	0.129^*	__	__
Hip Flexors	Iliacus (40 – 60%)	120.1 ±32.0	124.6 ±24.2	138.7 ±29.8	0.129^*	__	__
Hip Extensors	Gluteus Maximus– external portion (0 – 35%)	16.9 ±3.6	16.3 ± 1.8	16.3 ±4.61	0.669^*	__	__
	Gluteus Maximus– intermediate portion (0 – 35%)	24.8 ±8.2	23.1 ±6.6	22.1 ±7.9		__	__
	Gluteus Maximus– internal portion (0 – 35%)	4.6 ±5.9	5.2 ±3.4	3.79 ±5.5		__	__
Hip Abductors	Gluteus Medium– anterior portion (0 – 35%)	63.5 ±12.5	61.6 ±8.7	59.6 ±15.1	0.001 ^*	(1x2) -0.176 (1x3) -0.281 (2x3) -0.162	0.335^†
	Gluteus Medium– anterior portion (35 – 60%)	64.5 ±15.9^a,b	51.7 ±18.5^a	53.0 ±21.8^b		(1x2) -0.742 (1x3) -0.603 (2x3) 0.064	0.028 ^†
	Gluteus Medium– middle portion (0 – 35%)	41.3 ±8.1^a	34.8 ±4.2^a,b	39.6 ±9.7^b		(1x2) -1.007 (1x3) -0.190 (2x3) 0.642	0.005 ^†
	Gluteus Medium– middle portion (35 – 60%)	40.9 ± 7.2^a	34.7 ±5.9^a,b	41.7 ±7.4^b		(1x2) -0.942 (1x3) 0.110 (2x3) 1.046	0.013 ^†
	Gluteus Medium– posterior portion (0 – 35%)	45.1 ±9.2^a	37.6 ±6.0^a,b	42.3 ±12.5^b		(1x2) -0.966 (1x3) -0.255 (2x3) 0.479	0.003 ^†
	Gluteus Medium– posterior portion (35 – 60%)	38.7 ±8.4	33.8 ±8.6^a	47.9 ±11.8^a		(1x2) -0.576 (1x3) 0.898 (2x3) 1.366	0.012 ^†

^*MANOVA, ^†Univariate ANOVA, ^a,bPost-hoc Newman-Keuls ^{(a, b}showed the significantly different pair of values between the groups, p<0.05 adopted), 1 represent CG, 2 represent DG and 3 represent DNG. Bold (p<0.05)

ISSN: 1743-0003