Fig. 3

Exemplar subjects’ performance on the position (left panel) and kinesthetic (middle and right panel) matching tasks. For the position matching task, the subject’s matched hand positions (open targets, blue lines) are mirrored across the vertical centre line and displayed on top of the passive robotically moved hand positions (black filled targets, green lines). For the kinesthetic matching task, both hand movements are displayed where solid green lines indicate passive robotic movements, dotted green lines indicate the optimal movement path of the opposite arm, and solid blue lines indicate active subject movements. Light blue lines indicate individual trials and dark blue lines indicate the average between all completed trials in the given movement direction. Note that for the position matching task, the blue and green lines simply connect the target positions for display purposes and do not represent the hand movements between targets. E: ‘E-Score’ indicates the subject’s composite score calculated from the Euclidean distance. M: ‘M-Score’ indicates the subject’s composite score calculated from the Mahalanobis distance. a Control exemplar. Intact position matching performance is indicated by low variability (small ellipse size), with minimal shift or contraction/expansion of the workspace (blue dotted lines). Intact kinesthetic matching performance is indicated by alignment in movement direction to the ideal movement path, and a short response latency (onset of active arm movement) with similar peak speeds between passive (green lines) and active hands (blue lines). b Stroke subject with intact performance on the position matching task. This subject also performed well on the spatial aspects of kinesthesia (middle panel) but performed poorly on the temporal aspects of kinesthesia (right panel). c Stroke subject who performed poorly on the position matching task (increased variability and shift of workspace). This subject demonstrated impairments on the spatial aspects of kinesthesia but normal performance on the temporal parameters (short and consistent response latency and peak speeds). d Stroke subject who was severely impaired on both position and kinesthetic matching tasks