The effects of gait training using powered lower limb exoskeleton robot on individuals with complete spinal cord injury

Table 2 Functional performance when using the powered exoskeleton with forearm crutches and a KAFO with a walker

	Participant 1		Participant 2
Assistive Device	EXO	KAFO	EXO	KAFO
Time to don and doff (sec)	220	250	250	260
Level of assistance during sit-to-stand^a	5	6	5	6
Timed up-and-go test
Time needed (sec)	70	182	110	128
Level of assistance^a	4	4	4	6
10-m walk test
Time needed (sec)	52	155	76	126
Steps (numbers)	25	52	35	37
Speed (m/s)	0.19	0.06	0.13	0.07
Level of assistance^a	4	5	4	4
6-min walk test
Distance (m)	69.33	19.8	55.25	23.39
Steps (numbers)	169	112	183	96
Speed (m/s)	0.193	0.055	0.15	0.065
RPE^b	6	8	5	8

EXO Powered Lower Limb Exoskeleton Robot, KAFO knee–ankle–foot orthosis
^aLevel of Assistance:
7: Complete independence;
6: Modified independence (requiring the use of a device but no physical help);
5: Supervision (requiring only standby assistance or verbal prompting or help with set-up);
4: Minimal assistance (requiring incidental hands-on help only; participants perform > 75% of the task);
3: Moderate assistance (participants still perform 50%–75% of the task);
2: Maximal assistance (participants provide less than half of the effort [25%–49%]);
1: Total assistance (participants contribute < 25% of the effort or are unable to perform the task)
^bRPE: Rated Perceived Exertion scale from 0 (nothing at all) to 10 (very, very heavy)

ISSN: 1743-0003