Table 2 Intervention characteristics
Number of studies (% of total (n = 73)) | |
|---|---|
Mode | |
Electrical stimulation | 20 (27%) |
Brain | 8 (11%) |
tDCS | 2 (3%) |
rTMS | 4 (5%) |
DBS | 2 (3%) |
Spinal Cord | 4 (5%) |
Epidural | 4 (5%) |
PNS (i.e. FES) | 8 (11%) |
Surface FES for UE | 4 (5%) |
Surface FES for UE and LE (cycling) | 1 (1%) |
Implanted FES for LE | 2 (3%) |
Implanted FES for trunk | 1 (1%) |
Repetitive Movement Traininga | 16 (22%) |
Overground gait training | 5 (7%) |
“Locomotor training”b | 2 (3%) |
BWSTT | 1 (1%) |
TT in aquatic environment | 1 (1%) |
Cycling | 1 (1%) |
Dance/yoga | 1 (1%) |
Balance exercises | 1 (1%) |
Weight-bearing exercisesc | 2 (3%) |
UE exercises | 2 (3%) |
Robotics | 15 (21%) |
LE exoskeleton | 9 (12%) |
Lokomat | 3 (4%) |
UE robotic device (1 brain-controlled) | 2 (3%) |
LE & UE robotic device | 1 (1%) |
Combination | 9 (12%) |
Two types of stimulation (i.e. brain + SC or FES) | 6 (8%) |
Robotics + stimulation (i.e. brain or SCI) | 3 (4%) |
Intermittent Hypoxia | 6 (8%) |
LE function | 5 (7%) |
UE function | 1 (1%) |
Virtual Reality | 5 (7%) |
Walking/LE function | 3 (4%) |
UE function & trunk (virtual sailing) | 1 (1%) |
Not specified | 1 (1%) |
Whole-body vibration (LE) | 1 (1%) |
Low-level laser therapyd | 1 (1%) |
Target Function | |
LE | 46 (63%) |
UE | 15 (22%) |
Trunk (seated balance) | 1 (1%) |
LE & UE | 10 (13%) |
UE & trunk | 1 (1%) |