Table 3 Spatial-temporal, kinetic, and kinematic gait parameters in gait analysis. The significant changes before (Pre) and after (Post) gait training, and the significant differences between groups (ANCOVA-adjusted to baseline Pre assessment) are marked with asterisk
Gait Parameters | Sham Group (n = 10) | Robotic Group (n = 9) | Group Difference in | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post-Pre | Pre | Post-Pre | Post-Pre Changes | |
  Walking Speed (m/s) | 0.58 (0.17) | −0.06 | 0.74 (0.55) | + 0.07 * | + 0.06 |
Spatial-Temporal Gait Parameters | |||||
 Step Length (m) | |||||
  Affected Side | 0.35 (0.12) | −0.04 | 0.32 (0.09) | + 0.02 | + 0.04 |
  Unaffected Side | 0.33 (0.14) | −0.06 | 0.27 (0.12) | + 0.01 | + 0.04 |
 Stance Time (s) |  |  |  |  |  |
  Affected Side | 0.70 (0.27) | + 0.47 * | 0.74 (0.47) | −0.24 * | − 0.76 |
  Unaffected Side | 0.91 (0.33) | + 0.35 | 0.97 (0.64) | −0.40 * | − 0.43 |
 Swing Time (s) |  |  |  |  |  |
  Affected Side | 0.48 (0.16) | + 0.15 | 0.38 (0.10) | −0.02 | −0.14 |
  Unaffected Side | 0.24 (0.06) | + 0.08 | 0.27 (0.11) | −0.03 | −0.05 |
Peak Kinetic Gait Parameters (N/kg) | |||||
 Vertical Force @ loading response | |||||
  Affected Side | 11.11 (2.23) | −0.52 | 8.96 (2.15) | + 1.49 * | + 1.26 * |
  Unaffected Side | 10.35 (1.86) | + 0.25 | 10.25 (1.58) | + 0.60 | + 0.36 |
 Vertical Force @ terminal stance | |||||
  Affected Side | 9.83 (1.56) | + 0.29 | 9.81 (1.95) | + 0.13 | −0.17 |
  Unaffected Side | 10.90 (2.23) | −0.40 * | 10.10 (1.66) | + 0.02 | + 0.45 |
 Braking Force @ loading response | |||||
  Affected Side | 0.81 (0.35) | + 0.12 | 0.64 (0.22) | + 0.24 * | + 0.14 |
  Unaffected Side | 0.91 (0.66) | + 0.01 | 0.65 (0.58) | + 0.27 * | + 0.28 |
 Propulsive Force @ terminal stance | |||||
  Affected Side | 0.61 (0.43) | −0.02 | 0.50 (0.33) | + 0.10 | + 0.09 |
  Unaffected Side | 1.31 (0.65) | −0.30 | 0.80 (0.18) | + 0.18 | + 0.30 |
Peak Kinematic Gait Parameters (Degree) | |||||
 Foot Tilting @ initial contact | |||||
  Affected Side | −1.19 (3.00) | −0.11 | 2.51 (4.18) | + 1.91 * | + 1.01 |
  Unaffected Side | 7.19 (4.48) | −3.37 | 7.69 (5.44) | −2.90 | + 2.51 |
 Ankle Dorsiflexion @ stance | |||||
  Affected Side | 16.0 (4.2) | + 0.79 | 12.3 (4.07) | + 0.72 | −1.52 |
  Unaffected Side | 17.3 (4.1) | −0.58 | 13.5 (3.54) | + 1.08 | −0.72 |
 Ankle Dorsiflexion @ swing | |||||
  Affected Side | 1.62 (3.24) | −2.36 * | 4.48 (4.22) | −1.00 | −0.31 |
  Unaffected Side | 1.38 (4.68) | + 0.71 | 5.39 (3.61) | + 0.65 | + 0.84 |
 Knee Flexion @ stance | |||||
  Affected Side | 12.2 (10.7) | −6.41 | 17.3 (11.7) | −4.96 | + 3.83 |
  Unaffected Side | 27.3 (4.1) | −2.94 | 27.3 (4.6) | + 3.49 | + 6.41 |
 Knee Flexion @ swing | |||||
  Affected Side | 23.9 (4.8) | −8.48 * | 31.4 (16.3) | −3.86 | + 6.17 |
  Unaffected Side | 67.9 (5.4) | −3.74 | 60.9 (10.9) | + 9.50 * | + 15.5 * |
 Hip Flexion @ stance | |||||
  Affected Side | 24.3 (10.7) | + 0.32 | 31.2 (12.2) | −9.10 * | − 6.71 |
  Unaffected Side | 26.0 (11.5) | −4.91 | 16.6 (18.2) | + 0.96 | + 6.60 |
 Hip Flexion @ swing | |||||
  Affected Side | 44.3 (18.1) | + 2.03 | 53.1 (13.4) | −9.45 * | − 8.30 |
  Unaffected Side | 50.1 (10.5) | −1.18 | 41.8 (20.8) | + 7.30 | + 5.90 |