Table 3 Statistical outcomes for (assisted) mechanical efficiency (ME), energy expenditure (EE), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), stroke frequency (stroke), left-right (Dev L-R) and forward-backward (Dev F-B) deviation in the RHW group (n=12) and the PAPAW group (n=12)

ME (%)

RHW

0.07(4,88)

0.990

39.1(1,22)

<0.001

7.26(4,88)

<0.001

0.003

0.242

PAPAW

0.032

EE (W)

RHW

1.44(4,88)

0.227

15.7(1,22)

0.001

8.62(4,88)

<0.001

0.001

0.278

PAPAW

0.125

HR ^a (bpm)

RHW

2.60(4,88)

0.041

1.16(5,18)

0.368^c

14.6(4,44)

<0.001

<0.001

0.063^d

PAPAW

4.24(4,44)

0.005

0.022

0.071^d

RPE (6-20)

RHW

0.45(4,88)

0.770

4.92(1,22)

0.037

7.02(3,59)

0.001

0.032

0.023^e

PAPAW

0.076^e

Stroke (n x min ^-1 )

RHW

0.17(1,22)

0.687

1.38(1,22)

0.253

32.1(1,21)

<0.001

<0.001

0.448

PAPAW

0.020

Dev F-B ^a (m x 10 ^-2 )

RHW

6.73(1,22)

0.017

11.6(1,23)

<0.001 ^c

10.3(1,11)

0.008

0.008

0.082

PAPAW

26.2(1,11)

<0.001

<0.001

0.495

Dev L-R (m x10 ^-2 )

RHW

3.67(1,22)

0.068

40.4(1,22)

<0.001

7.04(1,22)

0.015

0.042

0.048^d

PAPAW

0.474