The effects of error-augmentation versus error-reduction paradigms in robotic therapy to enhance upper extremity performance and recovery post-stroke: a systematic review

Table 6 Assessment of risk of bias of the studies using Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool

	Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)	Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)	Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)	Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Other bias
Abdollahi et al. [52]	Low^a	High^b	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Bouchard et al. [61]	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Short training period
Cesqui et al. [58]	High	High	Unclear^c	High	High	High	Small sample size, baseline differences between groups
Givon-Mayo et al. [63]	Low	High	High	High	High	Unclear	Very small sample size, baseline differences between groups
Huang and Patton [59]	Low	High	High	High	Low	Low	Short training period
Kahn et al. [55]	Low	High	High	Low	Unclear	High	Small sample size, short training period
Majeed et al. [62]	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Patton et al. [53]	Low	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Short training period, small sample size
Patton et al. [24]	High	High	High	High	Low	Low	Short training period
Rozario et al. [60]	Low	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Small sample size
Takahashi et al. [56]	Low	High	Low	High	High	Low	Small sample size
Timmermans et al. [57]	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Tropea et al. [54]	Low	High	High	Low	Low	High	Small sample size

^aLow: low risk of bias; ^bHigh: high risk of bias; ^cUnclear: unclear risk of bias

ISSN: 1743-0003