| |
Baseline
|
Post-intervention
|
Mean difference (95%CI)
|
|---|
|
Chronic low back pain
|
|
Waiter’s bow
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Control
|
17.9 (5.9)
|
17.5 (6.6)
|
−0.4 (−2.9 to 2.0)
|
|
Mirror
|
18.5 (4.3)
|
15.8 (2.7)
|
−2.7 (−0.5 to − 0.2)
|
|
Sensor
|
16.2 (6.2)
|
6.5 (4.7)
|
− 9.7 (− 13.9 to − 5.5)a
|
|
Hip
|
Control
|
27.8 (16.3)
|
28.3 (15.8)
|
0.5 (− 4.7 to 5.8)
|
|
Mirror
|
36.0 (13.7)
|
38.5 (14.2)
|
2.5 (− 3.4 to 8.4)
|
|
Sensor
|
31.4 (9.8)
|
46.1 (11.8)
|
14.7 (6.4 to 23.0)a
|
|
Lifting task
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Control
|
23.7 (7.2)
|
22.0 (10.6)
|
− 1.7 (− 5.1 to 1.8)
|
|
Mirror
|
20.5 (7.2)
|
18.9 (4.7)
|
− 1.6 (− 4.1 to 1.0)
|
|
Sensor
|
21.0 (7.5)
|
13.9 (7.8)
|
−7.2 (− 3.7 to − 10.7)a
|
|
Hip
|
Control
|
89.2 (13.6)
|
87.3 (14.7)
|
− 1.9 (− 7.9 to 4.1)
|
|
Mirror
|
91.1 (13.6)
|
86.3 (19.2)
|
− 4.9 (− 11.5 to 1.8)
|
|
Sensor
|
89.7 (12.8)
|
95.4 (9.8)
|
5.7 (− 0.1 to 11.5)
|
|
Healthy subjects
|
|
Waiter’s bow
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Control
|
20.5 (7.3)
|
18.7 (9.7)
|
−1.8 (−6.3 to 2.8)
|
|
Mirror
|
22.2 (7.7)
|
20.6 (9.8)
|
−1.6 (−5.1 to 1.8)
|
|
Sensor
|
21.5 (6.1)
|
8.2 (4.4)
|
− 13.3 (− 17.9 to − 9.4)a
|
|
Hip
|
Control
|
26.1 (10.5)
|
33.4 (13.8)
|
7.2 (− 1.6 to 12.9)
|
|
Mirror
|
27.7 (12.7)
|
33.5 (15.1)
|
5.8 (1.1 to 10.4)
|
|
Sensor
|
30.7 (10.1)
|
45.1 (7.4)
|
14.5 (9.2 to 19.7)a
|
|
Lifting task
|
|
Lumbar spine
|
Control
|
24.1 (10.7)
|
22.4 (11.0)
|
− 1.8 (− 3.0 to − 0.7)
|
|
Mirror
|
27.8 (7.0)
|
26.9 (7.3)
|
− 0.9 (− 3.7 to 1.8)
|
|
Sensor
|
27.0 (8.3)
|
19.8 (7.0)
|
− 7.1 (− 2.6 to − 11.7)a
|
|
Hip
|
Control
|
88.0 (13.1)
|
86.7 (12.7)
|
− 1.3 (− 8.8 to 2.1)
|
|
Mirror
|
92.4 (13.3)
|
92.6 (7.8)
|
0.2 (−4.2 to 4.6)
|
|
Sensor
|
83.9 (14.1)
|
92.1 (10.7)
|
8.2 (3.1 to 13.3)
|
- All data are expressed as angles in degrees (°). Data for baseline and post-intervention are mean (SD). Mean difference = post-intervention minus baseline
- aMean difference > measurement error
