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Table 2 Baseline and post-intervention maximal range of motion in the lumbar spine and hip joint

From: Sensor-based postural feedback is more effective than conventional feedback to improve lumbopelvic movement control in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomised controlled trial

 

Baseline

Post-intervention

Mean difference (95%CI)

Chronic low back pain

 Waiter’s bow

  Lumbar spine

Control

17.9 (5.9)

17.5 (6.6)

−0.4 (−2.9 to 2.0)

Mirror

18.5 (4.3)

15.8 (2.7)

−2.7 (−0.5 to − 0.2)

Sensor

16.2 (6.2)

6.5 (4.7)

− 9.7 (− 13.9 to − 5.5)a

  Hip

Control

27.8 (16.3)

28.3 (15.8)

0.5 (− 4.7 to 5.8)

Mirror

36.0 (13.7)

38.5 (14.2)

2.5 (− 3.4 to 8.4)

Sensor

31.4 (9.8)

46.1 (11.8)

14.7 (6.4 to 23.0)a

 Lifting task

  Lumbar spine

Control

23.7 (7.2)

22.0 (10.6)

− 1.7 (− 5.1 to 1.8)

Mirror

20.5 (7.2)

18.9 (4.7)

− 1.6 (− 4.1 to 1.0)

Sensor

21.0 (7.5)

13.9 (7.8)

−7.2 (− 3.7 to − 10.7)a

  Hip

Control

89.2 (13.6)

87.3 (14.7)

− 1.9 (− 7.9 to 4.1)

Mirror

91.1 (13.6)

86.3 (19.2)

− 4.9 (− 11.5 to 1.8)

Sensor

89.7 (12.8)

95.4 (9.8)

5.7 (− 0.1 to 11.5)

Healthy subjects

 Waiter’s bow

  Lumbar spine

Control

20.5 (7.3)

18.7 (9.7)

−1.8 (−6.3 to 2.8)

Mirror

22.2 (7.7)

20.6 (9.8)

−1.6 (−5.1 to 1.8)

Sensor

21.5 (6.1)

8.2 (4.4)

− 13.3 (− 17.9 to − 9.4)a

  Hip

Control

26.1 (10.5)

33.4 (13.8)

7.2 (− 1.6 to 12.9)

Mirror

27.7 (12.7)

33.5 (15.1)

5.8 (1.1 to 10.4)

Sensor

30.7 (10.1)

45.1 (7.4)

14.5 (9.2 to 19.7)a

 Lifting task

  Lumbar spine

Control

24.1 (10.7)

22.4 (11.0)

− 1.8 (− 3.0 to − 0.7)

Mirror

27.8 (7.0)

26.9 (7.3)

− 0.9 (− 3.7 to 1.8)

Sensor

27.0 (8.3)

19.8 (7.0)

− 7.1 (− 2.6 to − 11.7)a

  Hip

Control

88.0 (13.1)

86.7 (12.7)

− 1.3 (− 8.8 to 2.1)

Mirror

92.4 (13.3)

92.6 (7.8)

0.2 (−4.2 to 4.6)

Sensor

83.9 (14.1)

92.1 (10.7)

8.2 (3.1 to 13.3)

  1. All data are expressed as angles in degrees (°). Data for baseline and post-intervention are mean (SD). Mean difference = post-intervention minus baseline
  2. aMean difference > measurement error