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Table 5 Comparison of adaptation time in different studies

From: Powered ankle-foot orthoses: the effects of the assistance on healthy and impaired users while walking

Ref.

Control

Ul / Bl

Onset

Peak

Parameter

Adaptation

   

timing

torque

 

time

      

(nth session)

Cain, 2007

PMc

Ul

25%

0.6 Nm/kg

kinematics

28 min (1)

[35]

(SOL)

    

7 min (2)

     

SOL

18 min (1)

      

5 min (2)

 

P-Bc

UI

25%

0.6 Nm/kg

kinematics

28 min (1)

      

7 min (2)

     

SOL

18 min (1)

      

4 min (2)

Galle, 2013

P-Bc

BI

43%

/

kinematics

4 min (1)

[43]

    

metab. cost

19 min (1)

Gordon, 2007

PMc

UI

27%

0.5 Nm/kg

kinematics

24 min (1)

[31]

(SOL)

    

6 min (2)

     

SOL

24 min (1)

      

6 min (2)

Kao, 2010

PMc

Ul

15%

0.7 Nm/kg

SOL

>30 min (1)

[33]

(SOL)

    

>30 min (2)

Kinnaird, 2009

PMc

UI

/

0.6 Nm/kg

kinematics

25 min (1)

[34]

(MG)

    

6 min (2)

     

MG

22 min (1)

      

5 min (2)

     

SOL

19 min (1)

      

4 min (2)

Koller, 2015

Ag-PMc

Bl

11%

0.6 Nm/kg

metab. cost

<30 min (1)

[40]

(SOL)

    

<30 min (2)

      

<30 min (3)

Koller, 2017

Ag-PMc

BI

/

/

metab. cost

<90 min

[41]

(SOL)

    

(30 min x (3))

Sawicki, 2008

PMc

Bl

/

0.5 Nm/kg

metab. cost

90 min

[36]

(SOL)

    

(30 min x (3))

  1. The adaptation time for ankle kinematics, muscle activity, and metabolic cost of walking for healthy users with respect to the onset timing (reported as a percentage of the gait time) and the peak torque provided by the PAFO. The works presented by Sawicki et al. [36] and Koller et al. [40, 41] are included, but they reported on whether the subjects reached a steady state without measuring the exact adaptation time
  2. PMc, Ag-PMc: Proportional myoelectric controller and adaptive gain PMc, P-Bc: Phase-based controller; SOL, MG: Soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscle; Ul, Bl: Uni-/bi-lateral PAFO. Symbols (,) indicate studies performed by the same research group on similar actuation setups. Symbols are consistent between tables. In the works in which different experiments were performed (for example, different parameters) the common information between the experiments (for example, same control strategy) is reported only once