Table 2 RCT Experiment Settings. ADL = Activities of Daily Living, BBS = Berg Balance Scale, C = Control Group, H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr Scale, I = Intervention Group, MMSE = Mini Mental Scale Examination, PD = Parkinsons Disease, UPDRS = Universal Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale, WBB = Wii Balance Board
From: Recent advances in rehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease with Exergames: A Systematic Review
Author | Participants: n, age (C/I),sex (men C/I),duration (y), MDS-UPDRS (C/I)) | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Aim | Sensor / Platform | Game | Intervention | Control | Setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pompeu et al. (2012) [35] | N: 32 Age (y): 67.4 Sex (men): 17 Duration (y): MDS-UPDRS: 8.9/10.1 | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • Age 60–85 • H&Y Stages to II • Good visual and auditory acuity • 5 to 15 years of education | • Other neurological or orthopaedic diseases • MMSE< 23 • Depression (GDS < 6) | Evaluate Wii-based motor cognitive training versus traditional balance exercises in UPDRS ADL scores | WBB | Nintendo Wii Fit | Fourteen sessions of 30 min of stretching, strengthening and axial mobility exercises, plus 30 min of Wii Fit training, two sessions per week for 7 weeks Total time: 14 h | Fourteen sessions of 30 min of stretching, strengthening and axial mobility exercises, plus 30 min of balance therapy without cognitive stimulation. Two sessions per week for 7 weeks | Clinical, with supervision of a physiotherapist |
Allen et al. (2017) [36] | N: 38 Age (y): 67.5/68.4 Sex (men): 12/11 Duration (y): 7.9/8.7 MDS-UPDRS: 41.3/38.8 (Motor) | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • Age > =40 • Stable medication | • Upper Extremity Pain or injuries • MMSE < 24 • Any health condition that would interfere with safe conduct | Evaluate upper extremity exergames to improve arm and hand activity | Custom developed sensor, Tablet | Custom developed games | Around 30 min per session, 3 times per week for 12 weeks Total time: 18 h | Usual care and activities | At home, unsupervised |
Liao et al. (2015) [37] | N: 36 Age (y): 64.6/65.1/67.3 (2 Intervention groups) Sex (men): 5/6/6 Duration (y): 6.4/6.9/7.9 MDS-UPDRS:Not provided | • Diagnosis of Idiopathic PD • H&Y Scale I to III • Ability to walk unaided • Stable medication | • MMSE < 24 • Unstable medical condition • Other neurological, cardiopulmonary or orthopedic diseases • Past history of seizure • Pacemaker • Vision deficits | Evaluate exergames on obstacle crossing performance and dynamic balance | WBB | Wii Fit Plus | 12 sessions, 2 per week, over a 6-week period 45 min Wii Fit plus 15 min treadmill TE Group: 60 min treadmill Total time: 12 h | Fall prevention education, and regular exercise | Clinical, with supervision of a physiotherapist |
Shih et al. (2016) [38] | N: 22 Age (y): 67.5/68.8 Sex (men): 9/7 Duration (y): 4.03/5.22 MDS-UPDRS: Not provided MMSE: 27.4/28.2 | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • H & Y Scale I to III • Stable medication • Standing unaided | • MMSE < 24 • Other neurological, cardiovascular or orthopedic diseases • Uncontrolled chronic diseases | Evaluate a therapeutic exergames based on Kinect, compared to traditional balance training | Kinect | Custom developed games | 30 min balance-based exergaming (reaching fixed object, moving object, obstacle avoidance and marching) + Balance training, 50 min per session, 2 sessions/week, 8 weeks Total time: 13.3 h | 30 min conventional balance training+ Balance training, 50 min per session, 2 sessions/week, 8 weeks | Clinical, supervision not specified |
Ribas et al. (2017) [39] | N: 20 Age (y): 61.7/60.2 Sex (men): 4/4 Duration (y): 6.5/7 MDS-UPDRS: 22.5/20.5 MMSE: 27.5/27.5 | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • Age 40–80 • H & Y Scale I to III • BBS > 45 | • MMSE < 24 • Acute pain, comorbid conditions • Visual Impairment or assistive devices • Previous experience with WBB • Receiving any other therapy | Determine the effectiveness of WBB exergaming in improving balance, fatigue, capability and quality of life | WBB | Custom developed games | 30 min exergaming with prior practicing of the required postures and movements. 2 sessions per week for 12 weeks Total time: 12 h | Warming, stretching, and active exercises (10 min) resistance for limbs (10) and diagonal exercises for trunk neck and limb (10). 12 weeks of sessions twice a week | Clinical, supervised by two physiotherapists |
Zimmermann et al. (2014) [40] | N: 39 Age (y): 69.9/66.3 Sex (men): 13/12 Duration (y): 5.1/5.2 MDS-UPDRS: 24/25 MMSE: 28/28.75 | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD | • Moderate or severe demented • Other neurologic conditions • Insufficient knowledge of German | Compare a cognition-specific computer-based cognitive training program with a motion-controlled computer sports game for effects in cognitive performance | Wiimote | Wii Sports Resort | 4 tasks, 10 min per task, 3 times per week for 4 weeks with Wii: Table tennis, swordplay, archery and air sports. Total time: 8 h | 4 tasks, 10 min per task, 3 times per week for 4 weeks with Cogniplus: Focused attention, working memory, executive function and response inhibition | Clinically supervised by a psychologist or trained student |
Song et al. (2017) [41] | N: 60 Age (y): 65/68 Sex (men): 9/15 Duration (y): 9/7 MDS-UPDRS: 33/31 (Motor) MMSE: 29/28 | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • Age > =40 • Able to walk unaided 30 m • Stable medication | • MMSE < 24 • Other medical conditions | Determine the efficacy of a home-based rehabilitation scenario | Custom sensor (Dance mat) | Modified version of Stepmania | Minimum of 15 min per session, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Difficulty adapted to patient progress manually. Total time: 9 h | Usual healthcare | At home, minimally supervised (initial instruction and visits) |
Ferraz et al. (2018) [42] | N: 62 Age (y): 71/67/67 (2 Intervention Groups) Sex (men): 18/11/10 Duration (y): 4/6/4 MDS-UPDRS: 29.86/28.65/32.30 MMSE: 27/27/27 | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • Age > = 60 • H & Y Scale II to III • Able to walk unaided • Stable medication | • Other medical conditions • Visual or hearing impairment • Alcohol or toxic substance use • Contraindications for sport • Practicing physical exercise programs recently | Compare functional training, bicycle exercise and Kinect exergaming | Kinect | Kinect Adventures | 30 min per session plus stretching and breathing exercises, three sessions per week for 8 weeks. Bicycle group: Same session length, max-HR-based training with increased demand for every week. Total time: 12 h | Functional training, 10 activities lasting 3 min each, three sessions per week for 8 weeks. | Clinically supervised by a physiotherapist |
Tollar et al. (2018) [43] | N: 74 Age (y): 67.5/70.0/70.6 (2 Intervention Groups) Sex (men): 13/12/11 Duration (y): 7.3/7.5/7.5 MDS-UPDRS: 19.0/18.2/18.9 MMSE: Not Provided | • Diagnosis of idiopathic PD • H & Y Scale II to III • Stable medication • Mobility, Balance or Postural Problems | • MMSE < 24 • Beck Depression Score > 40 • Other diseases • Recent surgery • Use of DBS | Compare bicycle exercise and Kinect exergaming | Kinect | Kinect Adventures | 60 min per session, five sessions per week for 5 weeks. Bicycle group: HR-controlled (110–140 bpm) spinning class Exergaming group: Reflex Ridge, Space Pop and Just Dance. Total time: 25 h | Usual healthcare | Clinically supervised by a physiotherapist |