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Table 6 Pilot Study Experiment Outcomes. BES = Balance Evaluation System, FIM = Functional Independence Measure, nMWT = n Minutes Walking Test. S&E = Schwab and England Independence Scale. Results are presented as mean (standard deviation) unless stated otherwise. Outcomes are adimensional where no units are stated

From: Recent advances in rehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease with Exergames: A Systematic Review

Author

Outcome

Baseline (Mean (SD))

Post Intervention (Mean (SD))

Main Results

Main conclusion

Summa et al. (2013) [44]

Not described

Not described

Not described

MWT and TUG improvement in 3/5 users

Increase in movement acceleration

Statistically significant improvement of patients.

Palacios-Navarro et al. (2015) [45]

10MWT (s)

• 12 (6)

• 10 (5)

Improvement in 10MWT test, statistically significant (p = 0.002)

Scenario is feasible, but long term impact unknown. Adaption to home scenario proposed.

Summa et al. (2015) [46]

TUG (s)

10MWT (s)

• 15 (12)

• 12 (12)

• 16 (15)

• 12 (13)

No significant changes on standard outcomes. Improvement in absolute average acceleration

Scenario appears safe to use, possible training-induced reduction of bradykinesia.

Goncalves et al. (2014) [47]

UPDRS Motor

S&E Scale

FIM

• 28.5 (9.91)

• 79.3 (9.61)

• 114.3 (6.07)

• 15.8 (7.49)

• 90.0 (6.54)

• 121.3 (2.65)

Statistically significant differences for all outcomes (p < 0.001)

Increase in stride length and gait speed

WBB gait motor training is effective, even in a short time period.

Pompeu et al. (2015) [48]

Limit of Stability

• 118.5 (28.0)

• 163.7 (38.3)

Improvement in limit of stability, statistically significant (p < 0.05)

Kinect training is safe and promotes improvement in postural control.

Pompeu et al. (2014) [49]

6MWT (m)

PDQ-39

BES

• 399.3 (72.4)

• 27.8 (8.3)

• 74.1 (12.7)

• 429.5 (90.6)

• 22.34 (1.9)

• 88.9 (14.8)

Effect sizes of 0.3 for 6MWT, 0.7 for PDQ-39 and 1.1 for BES.

Positive outcome, but the sample size does not provide significant results

Training with Kinect is safe and feasible. Cardiopulmonary endurance, balance, gait and quality of life improves

Negrini et al. (2017) [50]

BBS

Tinetti balance scale

Tinetti gait scale

10 sessions:

• 46.6 (5.8)

• 11.9 (3.2)

• 8.1 (2.9)

15 sessions:

• 40.1 (7.6)

• 12.2 (3.0)

• 9.0 (1.8)

10 sessions:

• 51.3 (7.2)

• 14.5 (3.2)

• 10.4 (1.8)

15 sessions:

• 46.3 (7.1)

• 13.6 (3.1)

• 10.1 (2.2)

All results statistically significant within groups (p < 0.001).

10 sessions suffice to see results. No significantly different results with the 15 sessions group

Wii Fit is cost-efficient and provides result, home scenario may be viable.

Nuic et al. (2018) [51]

UPDRS (Motor)

GABS Scale

FOG Questionnaire

• 20.3 (7.8)

• Not reported

• 25.9 (5.4)

• Not Reported

• −38 points across all users

• − 39 points across all users

Statistically significant improvement in FOG and GABS (p < 0.02), differences in UPDRS scores not significant (p = 0.13).

Game is feasible, well accepted and shows potential for PD rehabilitation.

Cikajlo et al. (2018) [52]

UPDRS (Motor)

Nine-Hole Test

Box and Blocks Test

• 29.54 (10.33)

• 28.01 (6.59)

• 47.27 (10.68)

• 27.29 (10.38)

• 26.48 (7.30)

• 51.65 (11.26)

Statistically significant (p < 0.003) improvement in UPDRS and Box and Blocks, nonsignificant in Nine-Hole Test (p = 0.089)

Telerehabilitation is possible with training and remote supervision, and achieving significant clinical outcomes is possible-

Pradhan (2018) [53]

Functional Reach Test (cm)

6MWT (m)

Gait speed (m/s)

• 25.65(5.92)

• 502.11(36.54)

• 7.1(0.6)

• 33.71(2.84)

• 560.53(23.83)

• 6.97(0.90)

Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) on functional reach test

Certain improvements observed

Alves et al. (2018) [54]

TUG (s)

10 MWT (s)

10 MWT (m)

• 10.44(2.16)/11.68(5.22)

• 7.03(1.52)/7.07(1.40)

• 1.47(0.31)/1.44(0.21)

(Wii / Xbox)

• 9.77(1.5)/9.82 (3.41)

• 6.89(1.05)/6.96(1.46)

• 1.47(0.23)/1.48(0.27)

(Wii / Xbox)

Statistically significant improvement in Wii outcomes (p > 0.049), improvement in Kinect group non-significant, no improvement in control group.

Wii seems to perform better than Kinect, since only the first group shows statistically significant improvement.